tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65786806496989468192024-03-12T21:08:27.178-07:00From Marziano to the Ludus TriumphorumMichael S Howardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06488567669455421279noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6578680649698946819.post-6424950540292335522021-10-13T00:42:01.341-07:002023-06-12T01:54:08.256-07:00FROM MARZIANO TO THE LUDUS TRIUMPHORUM, PART 1<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> This blog was originally written as a presentation to the International Playing Card Society meeting in Palermo, Sicily, in Sept. 2019. It was revised for this blog to include more information in its defense. In March, 2023 I made one update, in Part 2, about the changed presentaton of the Cary-Yale cards on the Beinecke Library website.<br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1. Introduction</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">How did the
tarot deck come to be, and what did it first look like? I do not propose to
have the answers. But I do have a hypothesis, using a combination of probable
facts and plausible assumptions, expanding upon some remarks of playing card
researchers Michael Dummett and Franco Pratesi. My aim is to connect the tarot
trump sequence with the earliest known game thought to have had permanent trump
cards, that described in a treatise by a secretary to Duke Filippo Visconti of
Milan, dated sometime between 1412, when Filippo became duke, and its author’s
funeral oration in 1425. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gertrude Moakley had mentioned this
treatise in 1966, referring to a one-paragraph account by Paul Durrieu in 1911;
both thought it might be the first known indication of the game of triumphs,<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
the <i>ludus triumphorum</i>, known in Italian as <i>trionfi</i>. Durrieu had
not mentioned an author, but Moakley was quick to tie the treatise to “Martiano
Terdonensi,” i.e., “Marziano da Tortona.” </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Then came Pratesi’s two-part article in
1989.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></a></span>
Durrieu had reported the deck’s 16 “figures,” listing for each a Greco-Roman
god or demigod, grouped in four “orders”; Pratesi added many new details,
including its four suits. Whether there was really any connection between this
game and the game of <i>trionfi</i>, later <i>tarocchi </i>and the tarot, was unclear.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the same issue of <i>The Playing
Card </i>as part two of Pratesi’s report, Dummett contributed a short note,
making three observations about Marziano’s game.<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
First, his god-cards might not have been the full-fledged trumps familiar to us
from a later time, nor simply extensions of the four suits, but something in
between. Second, perhaps the 16 trumps of Marziano’s deck had a parallel in the
Visconti di Modrone deck of a later time, which might also have had 16 trumps, as
suggested by its unusual feature of having 16 cards per regular suit. Third, Dummett
said, Pratesi’s report gave new life to the idea, claimed on a 17<sup>th</sup>
century painting in Bologna, that a certain Prince Fibbia there (dead in 1419, its
inscription said<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>) was
the tarot’s inventor. These will be my springboard.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Part I has three more sections. In section 2, elaborating on Dummett's early comments, I challenge two assumptions: that Marziano's deck was too early to have influenced the development of the tarot, and that it must have started out with all 22 special tarot subjects as opposed to fewer. In section 3 I discuss Marziano's game and in particular how its "four orders" of gods relate to its "four orders" of birds. In section 4 I discuss what I think are the three likeliest sources for a similar game with different subjects, resulting in a 14 or 16 card sequence. There follows a short summary, after which, in Part II, a separate post, I will try to show how the three characteristic orders would have developed from these subjects, when seen within the framework of Marziano's treatise.<br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Two dubious assumptions</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">To introduce some of the issues, I
will start with the third of Dummett’s comments: </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;">My original objection, in <i>The Game of
Tarot</i>, was that Prince Fibbia was too early to have invented the game of
tarocchini, as the inscription states. I have for long abandoned this view: if
he had been the inventor of tarocchi in general, the word tarocchini, still in
use for the only form of the game then known in Bologna (Minchiate excepted),
might well have been employed in a XVII-century Bolognese inscription. It
therefore already seemed to me possible, before Signor Pratesi's exciting
discovery, that Prince Fibbia might really have been the inventor; but the
evidence remains exceedingly flimsy.<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Here I am not concerned with Fibbia, who has been ably defended
elsewhere,<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
but only with his time and place, 1419 Bologna. Dummett said this was not too
early for this Fibbia to have invented the game. In 1996 Dummett, with his
co-authors, reaffirmed this position: after mentioning 1442 Ferrara, the
earliest triumph note then known, they added, “</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT;">A lower bound
for the date of the invention is harder to determine. It probably occurred
around 1425; the earliest date with any claim to be plausible would be 1410.”<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IT; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><b>
</b></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">These dates put the
tarot’s invention within Marziano’s time. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Why would they have picked a lower
bound more than 30 years before any actual report of the game’s existence <span style="color: #0070c0;">(<span style="color: black;">then 1442</span><a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>)</span>? It is standard
practice: medieval historians regularly assume an “incubation period” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Inkubationszeit</i>) of 15-20 years or more,
in the normal case, for an innovation to be sufficiently noteworthy that it
will be preserved in writing for historians to find.<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
For comparison, think of a fire that smolders for hours underneath a house
before bursting into flames. It would not be surprising if there were no reports
at the smoldering stage and an abundance later on.<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">But might new evidence have made such
a view obsolete by now? In 2009, Dummett put the
invention of the game in “the late 1430s,” without further elaboration;<span style="color: black;"><a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> then Depaulis reported,
in relation to the tarot, </span>a notary’s 1440 diary entry recording the delivery
of a <i>trionfi a naibi</i> made in Florence to the Lord of Rimini Sigismondo
Malatesta.<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> For
some reason, copies of this notary’s diary were made and preserved. The
original is lost, but everything about the one copy containing the entry appears
authentic.<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> But
what follows? Florence was in a unique position at that time, with many notable
personalities from around Italy there in the period 1438-1441, first for the
Council of Florence, with its two ecclesiastical and two imperial chiefs
(perhaps coincidental, perhaps not), and then the Battle of Anghiari; Malatesta
probably received the deck as a reward for his victory. Noteworthy productions
for noteworthy people make a game noteworthy. Also around that time, expensive
manuscripts of Petrarch’s poem cycle by the same name, <i>I Trionfi</i>,
started being made with illustrations of all six triumphs, most of them
strikingly like their counterparts in surviving trionfi decks. In such august
company, it is no surprise that the game of that name would have gained
dramatically in noteworthiness.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">There have been other discoveries.
There is one record of Florentine trionfi production in 1445, then more in the
1450s, and even more for the 1460s.<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
Besides showing the game’s increasing popularity, these documents only show
that Florence was a major center for the production of arts and crafts; so were
other places, if perhaps to a lesser extent. Also, there are <span style="color: #0070c0;"><span style="color: black;">a pair of</span> </span>arrests for playing the game in Florence
in 1444; trionfi-playing wasn’t legalized
there until 1450.<a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">There is also the negative result
that nothing has yet been found before 1440, despite all the increased research.
The Ferrara ruling family’s records show purchases of other types of decks in
the 1420s and 1430s, notably <i>imperatori</i>,<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
but not <i>trionfi</i>. Court records in Florence show arrests for playing
other games, including cards, but not <i>trionfi</i>, <i>naibe a trionfi</i>,
or <i>giocho di charte a trionfi,</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><i> </i>as opposed to <i>naibi </i>or <i>giocho di charte.</i><a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a>
In Milan there is a similar situation, but not with records, laws, or arrests.
There, thanks to the sacking and burning of the ducal palace after Filippo’s
death in 1447, we cannot expect many records. But
we have two partial decks filled with Visconti insignia that are very likely
from the 1440s – and again, still nothing before then. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">However, there are many ways to
explain these results. An increase in interest around 1438-1440 might have made
the enforcers in Florence attentive to the distinction between<i> naibi</i> and
<i>trionfi</i>, since what mattered was only that people were not playing a
permitted game. It is worth recalling that the earliest reported name for the
game wasn’t <i>trionfi</i>, but <i>naibi a trionfi</i>, in other words a type
of <i>naibi</i>, i.e., cards. Also, the game might have been enjoyed in that
period by a higher class of people, who were normally discreet, not reported by
their neighbors, and of some standing. Also, the decks used, while not
mass-produced, might not have been seen as prestige items worth saving – until associated
with prestigious people<span style="color: #0070c0;">. <span style="color: black;">Records may or may not
turn up as scholars examine more documents. If anything, the mention in Giusti’s
diary, after more than one hundred years of nothing earlier than 1442,</span><a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="color: black;">suggests that most likely
more will be discovered, even if it takes another hundred years. Another </span></span>possibility
is that the game started somewhere else besides the three places mentioned so
far, somewhere it might not have been illegal and where
records of the ruling family were destroyed
as much as in Milan (after the 1506 flight of the
Bentivoglio). So we come to Bologna.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It is true that Bernardino of Siena,
in <span style="color: #0070c0;">a </span>famous 1423 Bologna sermon, reportedly condemned “playing cards and
similar,” without mentioning triumphs.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></a></span>
That testifies to the healthy craft industry in Bologna but does not show
either that the game did not exist there or that he did not mention it. In the early
1430s, when the sermon was probably edited from notes, translated into Latin, and
disseminated by copyists, the game, if it existed, would not have been well
known. As such, the editors may have decided that rather than giving the new
game free publicity, they would merely say “and similar.” Whether he mentioned the
game or not, it may have been of the type he did condemn, that of gambling
games for adults; in that case the result might merely have been a decrease in
sales and records of them. Another possibility, which holds for all four major
centers of the tarot, is that it was primarily an educational game for
children, who after all were the consumers specified in a purchase of 1442
Ferrara (from a Bolognese merchant).<a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
Children’s games are more likely to go unnoticed than those for adults. In any
case, as mentioned previously, new terms could take decades to get included in
documents now available for study.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It is sometimes said that in the face
of two hypotheses, the simpler should be chosen given the available evidence.
But what facts count as evidence? There is more than just documented reports
and extant cards, just as other evidence besides verbal reports and photos can
suggest that a fire smoldered for hours before being detected. Likewise in the
present case there are other relevant facts, in fact whole types of facts. One type
is the kind that Dummett articulated: the existence of a similar game of the
early period, that of Marziano for Duke Filippo Maria Visconti Milan, from the
same time as the claim of a 17th century painting in Bologna. There were
probably other games with cards resembling trumps at this time. The same duke
in 1420 issued an edict barring games “if not in accord with the correct and
ancient system,” to which he reportedly added, “throwing forth the figures and
other signs according to such a sign and such a figure,“ i.e., following suit
with an eye to winning the trick by the rank of the card played.<a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></sup></span></sup></a> He
was not likely referring to games that made Aces high and Tens low in two of
the suits, because his own game of the gods did that, as we will see. A game
called <a name="_Hlk76075020">Karnöffel</a>, whose first verified mention is in
1446 Augsburg but could reasonably be much earlier, fits the description,
because it elevated certain low cards in one suit, by the luck of the draw, to
trump-like status, four of them above all the kings.<a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
There was also a game that might have been designed to get around such
prohibitions. Called <i>VIII Imperadori</i>, it is recorded in 1423 Ferrara as purchased
from Florence for a noblewoman.<a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></sup></span></sup></a> The
name suggests eight permanent trumps, as opposed to Karnöffel’s low cards made
trumps. These are two games likely to have been similar to <i>trionfi</i> in
Marziano’s time; his is just the one we know for sure. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">So one dubious assumption is that the
game had to have been invented within a few years of 1440, or whenever the
first report proves to be. For a connection to Marziano, it need not even go
back as far as 1412-1425. The cards for his game, with 16 god-cards with superior-tricking taking power than the rest, were reportedly painted by the
famous Michelino da Besozzo, and the essential part of Marziano’s text is quite
short, easy enough to copy or even to remember and pass on to others. Moreover,
any predecessor games would not have gone away.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It is true that none of the games mentioned
had as many cards with special powers as those of the tarot’s 22. That is a
second dubious assumption, that there were always 22. The earliest confirmation
of 22 is a game invented by Matteo Boiardo (1440-1494), which even with mostly
different subjects looks inspired by our game.<a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>
There are hand-painted tarot decks that are earlier, but all of them have considerably fewer surviving triumphal cards, at most 16 (the so-called Charles VI). It may be granted that 22 to start with is <i>prima facie</i> the best
hypothesis. But the <i>prima facie</i> case must be examined relative to other explanations.
In the law, for example, if a person comes to the police station and identifies
a person as the one who robbed him, that is <i>prima facie</i> good evidence.
But if there was no line-up, and the person merely confirmed the police’s
selection, a series of similar but false identifications elsewhere – or simple
common sense - is enough to weaken the <i>prima facie</i> conclusion severely,
even if it is not disproved, and even if there is no contrary evidence in the
particular case, because of the suspect methodology.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Games offer numerous counter-examples
to the principle that the later form, even only considering its physical
instruments, is the same as its beginning one. One need only to look at the
history of chess: even if one particular form, with a certain number of pieces
on a certain type of board has been standard for hundreds of years, that says
nothing about chess in its formative period. Playing cards in northern Italy offer
another example: because surviving Muslim and German decks lack Queens, they were probably an addition to a deck originally lacking
them in Italy, too, even if there is no direct evidence. The principle that the later physical instruments of a game, if
uniform in a particular region later, are the same as in an earlier period is contravened
by the evidence.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">There are also facts to account for having to do
with the cards’ subjects and their order, even if the existing records only
start around 1500. Why those subjects and not others, out of numerous
possibilities, in the particular orders we find them, with only small
variations, <span style="color: #0070c0;"><span style="color: black;">except for</span> </span>the virtues? And why
are <span style="color: #0070c0;">t<span style="color: black;">hose three cards</span></span> placed so variously in
the order in the three main regions of the early tarocchi?<a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
The preferences of game designers are part of it; but why would they have had such
preferences? Deferring to designers’ whims and leaving it at that is like
saying “God wills it,” certainly the simplest explanation. God, or the whim of
a game-designer, is an explanation that will fit any result. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">There remains the difficulty of
explaining how it could be, if the game started out with significantly fewer
special cards and then spread to different centers, it ended up with all the
same subjects. I will get to that in section 4.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Marziano’s game</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dummett’s first comment concerns the extent
to which Marziano’s god-cards were trumps. But let us first review Marziano’s
words. The subjects of the 16 cards are “several most famous heroes, whose
virtue, renowned for the greatness of their gifts, or mighty power, made gods.”<a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>
Thus the game, he tells the duke, will be both a diversion from serious
activity and an elevating one, not only exercising the mind but also arousing one
to virtue, because of the “fourfold order” that it contains.<a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
Here is the end of the introduction and most of the next paragraph.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;"><span> </span>. . . Thus by observation of them [the heroes made
gods], be ready to be aroused to virtue.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;"><br />
The first order is indeed of virtues: Jupiter, Apollo, Mercury, and Hercules.
The second of riches: Juno, Neptune, Mars, and Aeolis. The third of virginity
or continence. The fourth however is of pleasure: Venus, Bacchus, Ceres and
Cupid. Subordinated to those are four kinds of birds, being suited by
similarity. Thus to the order of virtues, the Eagle; of riches, the Phoenix; of
continence, the Turtledove; of pleasure, the Dove<b>.</b> And each one obeys
its own king. However the order of birds is that none of their types has right
over another, yet this arrangement they have alternately – Eagles and
Turtledoves the many command the few, that is to say it goes better for us when
many cultivate virtue and continence; but for Phoenices and Doves, the few rule
over the many. That is to say, the more there are of the followers of riches
and pleasures, the more they lead to the deterioration of our station. Every
one of the gods, however, will be above all the orders and the kings of the
orders. But the gods are held to this law among themselves: that who is first
designated below, he should lead all the others following in sequence.<a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></sup></span></sup></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">These relationships can be shown as
follows, in today’s more usual way of numbering (the reverse of Marziano’s) and
remembering that “Virtues,” etc., apply to the gods (indicated by the <);
“Eagles,” etc., are then their “followers,” linked (hence the >) by
similarity to an order of gods:</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Deified heroes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Orders of heroes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Orders of birds</b></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 598px;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.35pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">16 Jupiter</p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">12 Apollo</p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">8 Mercury</p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">4 Hercules </p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Virtues</b>, linked by similarity to
></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eagles</b>: Kings, birds high to low</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.35pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">15 Juno</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">11 Neptune</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">7 Mars</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">3 Eolis</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Riches</b>, linked by similarity to
></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Phoenices</b>: Kings, birds low to high</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 57.35pt;" valign="top" width="76">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">14 Pallas</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">10 Diana</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">6 Vesta</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">2 Daphne</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Virginities</b>, linked by similarity to
> </p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Turtledoves</b>: Kings, birds high to low</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">13 Venus</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9 Bacchus</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">5 Ceres</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">1 Cupid</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Pleasures</b>, linked by similarity to
></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Doves</b>: Kings, birds low to high</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The unanswered question is, what role
do the four “orders” play in the game? Once the order of trumps from 1 to 16 was
memorized, It would seem that these “orders” could just be ignored. That is
odd, given that Marziano presented this schema so prominently, even introducing
it with “Consider this game, … with its fourfold order.”<a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
Here is Dummett:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"></p><blockquote>If they [the gods] were trumps, their
assignment to the suits is pointless; if they were superior court cards, their
ranking among themselves is pointless. Of the two hypotheses, Signor Pratesi's,
that they were trumps in our sense, seems the more probable. But there are other
possibilities: for instance, that, when a King or pip card was led, the trick
could be won by a god only if it was of that suit, but that, when a god was
led, it could be beaten by any higher god. If this seems complicated, we should
remember that evolution sometimes goes in the direction of simplicity; we
should recall also the complicated rules about the trump suit in Karnöffel.
This hypothesis would make Marziano's game ancestral to Tarot, but at a
considerable remove.<a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a></blockquote><a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span></span></span></a>
<p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
Pratesi did not actually say that Marziano’s gods were trumps “in our sense,” but
rather that they seemed to be both “triumphs” and “supercourts,” i.e., extensions
of the four suits as well as “obeying their own rules.”<a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dummett’s comment, however, takes the discussion further. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In support of Dummett’s solution is the very last sentence of
the treatise. Marziano says of Cupid, “With a full bow, the wanton and wicked
Cupid wanders through heaven and earth; whose arms, pestilent to gods and men,
Jupiter himself was not able to escape.”<a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
How could Cupid overpower Jupiter in the game, if Cupid was the lowest ranking god and Jupiter the highest? A rule such as Dummett’s would do
it. If one did not have a card in the suit led, one had to lead a trump; if the
only trump such a player had was Jupiter, they would have to play it and
inevitably lose, if the suit led was anything but Eagles. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The problem is that players in that situation would not play
a high trump if they could help it, because they would be sure to lose. Let us
reformulate the rule: The highest card played in a trick, including trumps, wins,
but priority goes to the highest trump that is an extension of the suit led. Thus,
if a Dove is led, and someone puts down Jupiter, Cupid, being in the extension
of Doves, could capture him, as long as no one played Venus, Bacchus, or Ceres.
With this rule daring players might well play Jupiter, thinking they would
thereby win the trick, only to be surprised by Cupid or some other card in the
order of Pleasures. That rule would be more fun than the one Dummett proposed.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ross Caldwell in an online post
suggested a different way in which the “fourfold order” could be part of the
game: in its scoring.<a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></sup></span></sup></a> In
the Bolognese tarocchino and minchiate, combinations of cards, both in the
regular suits and the triumphs, play a major role.<a href="#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
In Marziano’s game the four moral categories could provide a similar source of
combinations, and even suit cards, since each moral category is associated with
a suit. As in the later games, combinations of any three could count, with more
points for four and more. So a player would make a special effort to capture
cards that count in combinations. In that way they would have to be kept in
mind. Since this solution does not address the question of how Cupid could
capture Jupiter, both solutions may be valid.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4. The same game but different
subjects</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Now the problem is how to get from
Marziano’s game to the tarot subjects known later, in a way that uniquely identifies
his game as a source, or as stemming from a common source.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> I turn to Dummett’s comment about the
Cary-Yale (also called Visconti di Modrone), of which there are 11 surviving tarot subjects and enough suit cards to suggest that there were 16 cards per regular suit. He says:</span> <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;">We know, however, that the composition of
the Visconti di Modrone pack did not conform to what later came to be standard:
the hypothesis that it contained only sixteen trumps is accordingly a real
possibility. If so, then the trump sequence was of the same length as each of
the suits; and this would give a simple reason why sixteen was chosen as the
number of trumps. This suggests the faint possibility that, in Marziano's pack,
too, each suit had both male and female court figures for each of the three
ranks, making a total of 16 + 64 = 80 cards altogether.<a href="#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What contributes to a solution here
is the “real possibility” that the Visconti deck had the same number of cards
in the trump suit as in the regular suits. I will take that suggestion a little
further. If Marziano’s deck and the Cary-Yale, probably done for the same Duke
of Milan twenty years later, both had 16 trumps, then perhaps what they had in
common was a 4x4 grid. But then what about
decks with 13 or 14 cards per suit? We know about 14 early on from a sermon
against gaming by Saint Bernardino in 1423 Bologna, where he reportedly mentioned
a king, a queen, a superior soldier and an inferior soldier.<a href="#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>
Assuming ten number cards, that would make 14 per suit, with 14 trumps.<a href="#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></sup></span></sup></a> That
number would explain the mysterious “14 figures” given in Ferrara to the young
Bianca Maria Visconti on New Years’ Day of 1441 and the 70 card triumph decks
made for the d’Este family in 1457.<a href="#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a>
On the other hand, it would also leave two blank spaces in a 4x4 grid.<br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Another question arises: what would
correspond to the four “orders” of gods in a grid with 14 or 16 subjects of the
sort that would lead to the game later known as tarot? For an educational game
that parents and children might play together, aimed to "arouse you to
virtue," an obvious choice is rows defined by virtues. That is not a big
jump from Marziano’s game, which already had rows for “virtues” and
“virginities.” In the tarot we find three of the four so-called cardinal
virtues. But the Cary-Yale has among its extant cards four out of the seven
principal virtues, fortitude and the three theological virtues; so it probably
had all seven, as Dummett reasoned in <i>Game of Tarot.</i><a href="#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Correlations were in fact made between the four cardinal
virtues and the standard four suits, for which two sources can be cited. First is
Giangaleazzo Visconti’s 1404 funeral oration, lamenting:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in;">O clear light, o
mirror, o column, o sustenance, o confident sword, you kept our territory safe
in the high places and on the plain!<a href="#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Referents for these features can all be seen in the minchiate decks of later years. Mirrors, round like coins, are an attribute of Prudence (minchiate's card XVII)<span style="color: #0070c0;">.<span style="color: black;"> A surviving 16<sup>th</sup> century pack found in
Assisi actually has for its Maid of Coins a young woman looking into a
hand-mirror</span>.<a href="#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span>Columns, straight like Batons, correspond to Fortitude, often depicted
as a lady holding a column (card VII). Sustenance suggests Cups and Temperance’s two
vessels (card VI). The Sword is that of Justice (card VIII). <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ3pqpQFBPelbTrbarWCgScIahbVk65LZ2DW10BQIRBKNozMEkwG8HvYgZpFC8KA6OG5AtEI1rrbISdym4GHnhV7uEl0iFL8eEkihMXgsUWiGFKQa_tOlb_GECD6CoHmdecObUazyIlEc6wJdY_j3Z4ELx0cheJQB1AS9JbLOvZqavap9sByWcYPXQaw/s1803/02MinchiatePisano.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="1803" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ3pqpQFBPelbTrbarWCgScIahbVk65LZ2DW10BQIRBKNozMEkwG8HvYgZpFC8KA6OG5AtEI1rrbISdym4GHnhV7uEl0iFL8eEkihMXgsUWiGFKQa_tOlb_GECD6CoHmdecObUazyIlEc6wJdY_j3Z4ELx0cheJQB1AS9JbLOvZqavap9sByWcYPXQaw/w640-h216/02MinchiatePisano.jpg" width="640" /></a> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Secondly, a book of games published in 1551 Bologna
proposed a “Game of the King” with four suits, each correlated with a cardinal
virtue: the suit of Mirrors with Prudence, Columns with Fortitude, Cups with
Temperance, and Swords with Justice; see below <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a>
A four-by-something grid then would enable virtue cards so correlated to be
combined with other cards in the same row.</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSaYVBw9e6lWbpOUNEZdaWM8YOmSDzdtKnRY07pA9zqVRSMkt0kGQrCT9smzsHzyYfnpY8f2lQys-lBI7bmQS5bZwdQtGsP8xGjVTpPsdaa6BdGMAN8xKoZsUw9f9qjxhbJrqAKBzAUOsK1LcGeyOeJfzDTyKoM6mmsiEQD5noh6HrVhHwreDnLorpBg/s787/04bringhieria273asm6.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="210" data-original-width="787" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSaYVBw9e6lWbpOUNEZdaWM8YOmSDzdtKnRY07pA9zqVRSMkt0kGQrCT9smzsHzyYfnpY8f2lQys-lBI7bmQS5bZwdQtGsP8xGjVTpPsdaa6BdGMAN8xKoZsUw9f9qjxhbJrqAKBzAUOsK1LcGeyOeJfzDTyKoM6mmsiEQD5noh6HrVhHwreDnLorpBg/w640-h170/04bringhieria273asm6.jpg" width="640" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCtjJ3RmjhgSRiU5c7I-F3nUmpH_-uBRkyS-KoMJCaa8D5_c7tYK1T7WaL1NLs7Jjw0qIKU9qvgTzPM2OrrP_rP5-dEBE-rXkgdqwUq4awyBtyBWoDXeAM-WVIt4dzIwnTqEmJS86O2z0ZXfQZza29y4U9he7nWyJvEseFaDmuRolj4qPK3nLAQ9bPhA/s255/06TimeMichelino.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="255" data-original-width="178" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCtjJ3RmjhgSRiU5c7I-F3nUmpH_-uBRkyS-KoMJCaa8D5_c7tYK1T7WaL1NLs7Jjw0qIKU9qvgTzPM2OrrP_rP5-dEBE-rXkgdqwUq4awyBtyBWoDXeAM-WVIt4dzIwnTqEmJS86O2z0ZXfQZza29y4U9he7nWyJvEseFaDmuRolj4qPK3nLAQ9bPhA/w279-h400/06TimeMichelino.jpg" width="279" /></a> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Since the Cary-Yale deck has among its surviving cards the three theological virtues, we cannot exclude that these might have been part of the original set. If so, 16 would be more appropriate for such a deck than 14, with the latter reserved for decks without them. I will expand on this point in Part 2. The theological virtues, however, do not readily correlate with the four suits. <br /><br />What subjects might complement the four virtues that associate so well with the suits? Here we need to consider the
six universal life-concerns of Petrarch’s popular poem cycle <i>Il Trionfi</i>
(the same as the name of the game), which also happen to form a hierarchy. The
first concern, Love, is triumphed over by <i>Pudicizia</i>, which is triumphed
over by Death, then Fame, then Time, then Eternity.<a href="#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a>
Two of the tarot subjects had the same names, Love and Death. Illustrations of Petrarch's subjects in
manuscripts and on wedding-chests used similar imagery for these themes (at right, Pesellino's Triumph of Time, c. 1450). The
same is true of another subject, Petrarch’s Time, shown as an old man with a
cane or crutches, sometimes with wings (<i>Tempus fugit</i>, Time flies) or an
hourglass (the two at left below, from the Visconti-Sforza and Charles VI decks; some sources even called <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the
card Time.<a href="#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a> Fourth, a card of an angel calling souls to judgment suggests the Triumph of
Eternity, in that it announces the end and vanquishing of Time, as Petrarch says in his poem.</span></p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBXZ1IX4fAKd8yd3V021uzScUJsscYPdPZ7ekVdltn8JzDTu9E9WpaoM3xyW0EReCIM9X_hJomdlkkPTGGvyv9rxtNuQWiJ_Kongj1hZlaAj2YNY8UT0vwoFXbuJwjCeAKXJ9O1kasHeYn6TOJhKjgN5Oa3vLNhOiSdTDlttYXTY9nGRXv6JvbwRAeLw/s1249/05HermitPMBCHVIBAMin.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="611" data-original-width="1249" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBXZ1IX4fAKd8yd3V021uzScUJsscYPdPZ7ekVdltn8JzDTu9E9WpaoM3xyW0EReCIM9X_hJomdlkkPTGGvyv9rxtNuQWiJ_Kongj1hZlaAj2YNY8UT0vwoFXbuJwjCeAKXJ9O1kasHeYn6TOJhKjgN5Oa3vLNhOiSdTDlttYXTY9nGRXv6JvbwRAeLw/w640-h314/05HermitPMBCHVIBAMin.jpg" width="640" /></a></span>The presence of four Petrarchans encourages us to look for
the other two, <i>Pudicizia</i> (<i>Castità</i> in some manuscripts) and <i>Fama</i>.
<i>Pudicizia</i> goes beyond chastity, involving also modesty in dress and
behavior and anything else compromising sexual purity. Since Petrarch includes
married heroines such as Penelope and Lucretia, marital duties would appear to
be allowed. <i>Fama</i> is celebrity and renown but also notoriety.<a href="#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a>
Since it involves being known, it can survive a person’s Death in others’ remembrance,
if not the full ravages of Time. </span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilq4ZgXIQ2yAlJ3A2D_0u2-vDDmOviI_by3FlTDijVERhMfWbRLXT_5mZ1CdJxKFoWaDVCiRSdeNo-0OvI9OOmeL9RMGPMEwluSdzhx9EEZdlcSfAYiDhh465Owt7-umON6LOGr9jeo87FHfBfsiQpZrpiOZ8HeSYkB1zByMMh-IOY1cNm8IVfe48zBA/s1406/CYdet1plusCharEmp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="811" data-original-width="1406" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilq4ZgXIQ2yAlJ3A2D_0u2-vDDmOviI_by3FlTDijVERhMfWbRLXT_5mZ1CdJxKFoWaDVCiRSdeNo-0OvI9OOmeL9RMGPMEwluSdzhx9EEZdlcSfAYiDhh465Owt7-umON6LOGr9jeo87FHfBfsiQpZrpiOZ8HeSYkB1zByMMh-IOY1cNm8IVfe48zBA/w640-h370/CYdet1plusCharEmp.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Yupu2Mefw8Qv2VFo-2odkRJQWaUTnOF-Lhr9mz1Jq7mIVH4k3sgFPWf9WSiz88kFzN4ObppQKMjUzc3z9YEx8STGaaDfOCGvk_bs-gQQDZOWSekRAlIC_xNPTdrHA-_Vafi-q6_Q9EvxvRupMq7KZ9zQFDDegINw2GBDN23ycC50R1By9ELgY1e-8A/s827/viscontiWorld.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="827" data-original-width="407" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Yupu2Mefw8Qv2VFo-2odkRJQWaUTnOF-Lhr9mz1Jq7mIVH4k3sgFPWf9WSiz88kFzN4ObppQKMjUzc3z9YEx8STGaaDfOCGvk_bs-gQQDZOWSekRAlIC_xNPTdrHA-_Vafi-q6_Q9EvxvRupMq7KZ9zQFDDegINw2GBDN23ycC50R1By9ELgY1e-8A/w196-h400/viscontiWorld.jpg" width="196" /></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span>In the earliest known deck, the Cary-Yale (also known as the
Visconti di Modrone), the Chariot rider is a woman holding a jousting shield (as does the Empress, at right above);<a href="#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a>
likewise, Petrarch’s <i>Pudicizia</i> holds a shield by which to fend off Love’s
blows (“Triumph of <i>Pudicizia</i>” lines 118-119).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In that deck the World
card has a lady on top holding a winged trumpet in one hand and a crown in the
other, looking down from above at a this-worldly scene of a knight in a
landscape of castles, a plain, and ships at sea. One of the attributes of <i>Fama</i>,
a feminine personification, was in fact just such a trumpet, which spreads the
news of a person’s Fame. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Many illustrations of the Triumph of Fame (sometimes called <i>Gloria,</i> Glory, include such
trumpets, such as the illustration below left, the central portion of an illumination from a c. 1380 manuscript of Petrarch's <i>De Viris Illustribus</i> (Of Illustrious Men). (Note: here I am showing only parts of artworks; for the rest, all are readily available online, as are the decks the cards come from.) On the card, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">the scene below the lady, centering on the knight, contributes to this
identification: if she is Fama, the knight below is a man gifted by her.<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYah0iVCxByLDkoc1NcUrtH0xu1_dAW8j-2GSBKgcEIFFkoXaXgtTgkk-Ti7PncAbT603xtbdF1lChP1hL46eC21QBw5mIHkCniksDywmijKsN6nLSeZe2fFqwAP_AHgdOKyOyQIwAFDRAp_zMjtvVhHRxLRr4DUE8zSJTuCh2Us53-XjGTROQ5NGI7w/s1190/06viscontiGloria.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="827" data-original-width="1190" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYah0iVCxByLDkoc1NcUrtH0xu1_dAW8j-2GSBKgcEIFFkoXaXgtTgkk-Ti7PncAbT603xtbdF1lChP1hL46eC21QBw5mIHkCniksDywmijKsN6nLSeZe2fFqwAP_AHgdOKyOyQIwAFDRAp_zMjtvVhHRxLRr4DUE8zSJTuCh2Us53-XjGTROQ5NGI7w/w400-h278/06viscontiGloria.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span>But the jousting shield identifying the CY Chariot card with <i>Pudicizia </i>does
not carry over to the Chariot card of most other early decks. In the “Issy” Chariot card (below left), a
female rider holds a sword in one hand and a golden orb in the other, fitting precisely
Boccaccio’s personification of “the Glory of worldly folk” in his <i>Amorosa
Visione</i> (VI: 65-72, trans. Hollander et al): </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></p><blockquote><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">she
sat on a triumphal chariot, . . .<span> </span>held
in her hand a shining sword, . . . in her left hand a golden apple. . . . Over
the lady . . . was a verse written . . . "I am the Glory of the Worldly folk."</span></span></span></span></span> <br /></blockquote><blockquote><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="IT" style="line-height: 107%;">(“sovra triunfal carro si
sedea, . . . ‘n man tenea una lucente spada, . . .<span> </span>teneva nella man sinestra un pomo d’or<span> </span>. . . Era sovra costei, . . . un verso scritto . . . "Io son la
Gloria del popol mondano.")</span></span></span> </span></span></blockquote><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It is now the this-worldly <i>Fama</i> that Petrarc</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhymebuWZSljTtsBmjojaSVzNPTAsxnkWpUK97-GubHIizdF8TTAhJEGiwwfuxFV56fZD-g_RwHu3rdpGBuGrJq0Z-oFGZ6adJM0rguuNXq3EYzeLC2B3S9NvimG-ZiVyOisz3NAgZ8LOA4czMiNyjkytkDRK9seJFXk2IjUyXcpx3NRYV0ia_H0L4JHw/s827/06IssyVS.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="827" data-original-width="818" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhymebuWZSljTtsBmjojaSVzNPTAsxnkWpUK97-GubHIizdF8TTAhJEGiwwfuxFV56fZD-g_RwHu3rdpGBuGrJq0Z-oFGZ6adJM0rguuNXq3EYzeLC2B3S9NvimG-ZiVyOisz3NAgZ8LOA4czMiNyjkytkDRK9seJFXk2IjUyXcpx3NRYV0ia_H0L4JHw/s320/06IssyVS.jpg" width="317" /></a></span></span>h saw capable of lasting beyond the lifetime of one who attained it; all that is missing to clinch the identification is the trumpet, but illustrations of Petrarch frequently omitted that attribute. As female, the figure could also represent a lady famed for her Pudicizia (as opposed to Pudicizia herself). The same could be said for the Visconti-Sforza version of around the same time and place (at right), although her orb is similar enough to the earlier shield that she could be either virtue, and she has the scepter rather than a sword. All three cards are thought to be of Lombard origin; if</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> so, the lady might well be Bianca Maria Visconti, daughter of Duke Filippo and, by virtue of her husband's military prowess, the next duchess of Milan. It is possible that the same reference applies to the lady on the Cary-Yale, if the deck, as many think, commemorates her wedding to Francesco Sforza.<i> </i></span></span><br /></p><p></p><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span><p></p><p></p><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRFs26vPCHutQ91d0OuO2xIejzcqIG4xKuXDno7LP23tATVoojoQtLv2b3n9ub7ksRACd6soX84QKVQ6HSNz0B51sPIhOQdsXWB_iybWz3cglgcy7H8ZCWxIwBH5LebcsR0T8dV2XExx6irYlX5tp06qC4RAEMI9bEpcwvE1kbLkmsXjuDAtT8TL0AYA/s869/05famePesoScheggia.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRFs26vPCHutQ91d0OuO2xIejzcqIG4xKuXDno7LP23tATVoojoQtLv2b3n9ub7ksRACd6soX84QKVQ6HSNz0B51sPIhOQdsXWB_iybWz3cglgcy7H8ZCWxIwBH5LebcsR0T8dV2XExx6irYlX5tp06qC4RAEMI9bEpcwvE1kbLkmsXjuDAtT8TL0AYA/s869/05famePesoScheggia.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="733" data-original-width="869" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRFs26vPCHutQ91d0OuO2xIejzcqIG4xKuXDno7LP23tATVoojoQtLv2b3n9ub7ksRACd6soX84QKVQ6HSNz0B51sPIhOQdsXWB_iybWz3cglgcy7H8ZCWxIwBH5LebcsR0T8dV2XExx6irYlX5tp06qC4RAEMI9bEpcwvE1kbLkmsXjuDAtT8TL0AYA/w400-h338/05famePesoScheggia.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Both the orb and the sword feature in many Petrarch illustrations of <i>Fama</i>,
e.g., a <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">birth tray </span><span style="color: #0070c0;"><span style="color: black;">by</span> <span style="color: black;">Lo Scheggia,</span> </span>c. 1449, near left <span style="color: #0070c0;">
</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">(probably for the birth
of </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Lorenzo), and a wedding chest by Pesellino, c. 1450, far left (both readily found on
the internet, as are these cards</span><span style="color: #0070c0;">).</span> </span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The “Catania” deck’s
charioteer (2nd from left below), holding his or her golden orb, is androgynous, but other Chariots
have clearly male riders. As such, they would not be <i>Fama</i> herself, but one blessed by <i>Fama</i>. On the “Charles VI” (far left below) a man holds a halberd and wears a
type of hat seen on </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">depictions of leaders.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> In the Rosenwald sheet, the orb divides into three parts, one for each continent; since
its holder is crowned, it might suggest, with some hyperbole, the lands he
rules, or the extent of his fame</span></span></span>; again he is in a victory
parade</span></span></span>. The
Chariot on a c. 1500 uncut sheet of cards strikingly like that of Bologna later (Beaux Arts Sheet, 3rd from left) has plumed horses, so also on parade, and the man’s helmet has wings identifying
him as a follower of Mars, i.e., a warrior.<a href="#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXAYvLSc8adlYz3iqny675_63tnTwEhkdYu0j_z6Zm1dllUrFVPqKEh116l74t0lWYIZHUceBG7XJjFoyUW0Tlwl-4UHVsdVmK-Fmom1e9njeV9uTqNBlbKSzUFVrnpRUgciOC6lg9IHHRF4acPSODWLq0_QXD3k8YyggiVQG7rUSWrWwZ2Woc_jLeew/s1125/06chariots4a.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="544" data-original-width="1125" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXAYvLSc8adlYz3iqny675_63tnTwEhkdYu0j_z6Zm1dllUrFVPqKEh116l74t0lWYIZHUceBG7XJjFoyUW0Tlwl-4UHVsdVmK-Fmom1e9njeV9uTqNBlbKSzUFVrnpRUgciOC6lg9IHHRF4acPSODWLq0_QXD3k8YyggiVQG7rUSWrWwZ2Woc_jLeew/w640-h310/06chariots4a.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiipM1wjulvqtDIRMRq01wiuQb72VboHEN4CmNh1xk0Oph8ujg-OIiPxvr8mgBBIszxIo8S6yjgopXywY7oJp6ONe2vm2liPrzwzQgL4uAXn9KKvNpDBE4d0BlvhVzPe3Giv2sBan6mx65OPL02oNMpvYIy0OUhu_7wou0XMg4VSPBrBHIfmGvD8VRTLg/s1673/07WorldChVIPesellinoEtern.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1527" data-original-width="1673" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiipM1wjulvqtDIRMRq01wiuQb72VboHEN4CmNh1xk0Oph8ujg-OIiPxvr8mgBBIszxIo8S6yjgopXywY7oJp6ONe2vm2liPrzwzQgL4uAXn9KKvNpDBE4d0BlvhVzPe3Giv2sBan6mx65OPL02oNMpvYIy0OUhu_7wou0XMg4VSPBrBHIfmGvD8VRTLg/w320-h292/07WorldChVIPesellinoEtern.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span>What then of the World card in these decks (all early, but after the Cary-Yale)? In the Charles VI (the left image at right), we see a lady
standing on top of a large orb suggesting
the world, with hills and castles, holding a small orb and a baton, like some Charioteers. Her polygonal halo simply suggests that it is an allegorical figure. There is a similar halo on Pesellino's <i>Fama </i>(2nd above, left). In the same deck, it is also seen on the three virtue cards, so she could also be meant as the missing virtue Prudence. Except for the specification of the polygonal halo, the figure on the Charles VI precisely fits that of the protagonist's guide in Boccaccio's <i>Amorosa Visione</i> (I:36-42, trans. Hollander et al): </span></span></span></div><p class="Nessunaspaziatura1" style="margin-left: 70.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">. . . her blonde head</span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="Nessunaspaziatura1" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">adorned by a crown more splendid</span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="Nessunaspaziatura1" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">and fair than the sun, her comely </span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="Nessunaspaziatura1" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">clothing seemed to me to be of violet hue. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="Nessunaspaziatura1" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">Smiling, she had in her right hand</span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="Nessunaspaziatura1" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">a royal sceptre, enclosed in her left,</span></span></p><p class="Nessunaspaziatura1" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">she
held up a beautiful golden apple.</span></span></span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">If so, she is not worldly fame, because in Boccaccio's allegory the guide urges the protagonist to shun worldly goals and follow the steep and narrow path "to the high place where your soul will be in glory" (I:68-69).<br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Here the Petrarch illustrations suggest a clue to the interpretation: their Triumphs of Eternity, such as Pesellino's of around 1450 </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(at left above)</span></span></span></span>, often very literally portray Christ and his angels standing above the arch of the world.<a href="#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a> So if it is<i> Fama</i>, it is likely of an eternal kind, that of "Christ in Glory." <br /></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8e-xCB-6xQR8TKKVR_LNcZJmaby_1E6tDSzxgd1CZM5On6xMSxpQqu8dByBEadSapWmz52tAvjefxTQe3UnY8bKhWy66kxiqU4g3QHfjwnT2H-qAB8RBq-vzAJakniOilK0l61mrCcmdxHdstbRc6sL7DfrV9BvUSaL5LCK8gTWpeDHeUvD9uCq4kgA/s3995/07EsteRosenwaldBARTorreRaph.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1540" data-original-width="3995" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8e-xCB-6xQR8TKKVR_LNcZJmaby_1E6tDSzxgd1CZM5On6xMSxpQqu8dByBEadSapWmz52tAvjefxTQe3UnY8bKhWy66kxiqU4g3QHfjwnT2H-qAB8RBq-vzAJakniOilK0l61mrCcmdxHdstbRc6sL7DfrV9BvUSaL5LCK8gTWpeDHeUvD9uCq4kgA/w640-h246/07EsteRosenwaldBARTorreRaph.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Este (far left above) and Rosenwald (2nd from left) suggest a similar interpretation, except with only one figure, winged. The Este, in the context of Pesellino, suggests the Christ child; the Rosenwald angel is older and carries a sword, perhaps to use against those not entitled to a favorable verdict in the Last Judgment, the card following in the sequence.The c. 1500 Bolognese card (middle) is similar, except that the wings are on his helmet and his baton. From his similarity to the man on the corresponding Chariot card, he could be a man of both worldly and eternal fame. He could also be Mercury, messenger of the gods and guide of souls between worlds (at far right with Psyche, from a fresco by Raphael, 1520); there was also Orpheus and Eurydice); he plays a role somewhat analogous to Christ and the guide of the <i>Amorosa Visione. </i> The identification with Mercury is clearer in the Bolognese card of the 17th century (above, from the Della Torre Tarocchini, on Gallica).<br /></span></span></span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">We are left with something like but not all quite the same as Petrarch's six. Perhaps the game initially had all six Petrarchans, but later
the card for <i>Pudicizia</i> was changed to represent worldly <i>Fama</i>, while
the World card, formerly <i>Fama</i>, became associated with Eternity and its
glory. Or it was the other way around, with the Cary-Yale an isolated attempt
to include all six as distinct cards. Regarding the disappearance of <i>Pudicizia</i>,
perhaps it was thought that the two virtues Temperance and Fortitude were
enough, which in Florence and Bologna appeared where Petrarch had put <i>Pudicizia</i>, immediately after Love. Regarding the World card, <i>Gloria </i>is another word for <i>Fama</i>;
it is just that it is now of a type not overcome by Time. In any case,
Petrarch’s poems remains a pervasive influence. </span></p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In both the game and the poems the triumphs follow a definite
order, even if the two are not precisely the same. The game puts Time (the Old
Man) and usually (Worldly) Fame (the Chariot) before Death, whereas Petrarch had them
after Death. But the tarot sequence does not have to duplicate Petrarch to be
inspired by it. If one’s<i> Fama</i> is to survive one’s death, it has to be
earned before death. Likewise, Time can be the time of an individual life, to
be used well or badly, as well as Petrarch’s cosmic time, extending after that
life. The Petrarch illustrations themselves shifted in that direction, going
from a figure holding an armillary sphere representing the cosmos to one with
the hourglass of human time.<a href="#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #00b0f0;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: #00b0f0;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Below the Petrarchans and the virtues in the orders are the
four dignitaries – <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>called <i>papi</i> in
Bologna, otherwise Empress, Emperor, Popess, and Pope. This group (and perhaps
the very idea of trumps) may have been inspired by the game of <i>VIII
Imperadori</i> already mentioned. Emperors are a natural extension of the
existing suits into one of a higher order, where besides being the highest of
their own suit, they have the ability to go outside their own kingdom to rule
over cards of the other three.<a href="#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></sup></span></sup></a> In
the tarot, we see a reduction to four, the same as the number of suits. If all
the suits were equal, these dignitaries would be, too, as seen in Bologna and
Piedmont.<a href="#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
Other places arranged them hierarchically, spiritual above secular and male
over female in various orders. They may have all been equal originally even in
those places. (An example of male-female equality is the Stuttgart hunting deck,
c. 1430, which had female courts in two suits and male in the other two.) If
so, that would explain why two such non-contiguous places as Bologna and
Piedmont would have had the same rule. Other places soon arranged the two sets
hierarchically, spiritual above secular and male over female in various orders.
Since even emperors and popes are subject to the virtues and the Petrarchan life-concerns<span style="color: #0070c0;">, <span style="color: black;">the former belong below the latter</span></span>. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Four virtues plus six Petrarchans plus four dignitaries yield
14, the same as the number of cards per suit. For the others, the orders
themselves suggest that they were additions. The five from Devil to Sun are
always found in exactly the same order everywhere, one after the other,<a href="#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></sup></span></sup></a> unlike
the proposed 14, which vary in their placement (except for the Pope and Death,
which are at natural divisions). This uniformity suggests that those five, or
most of them, entered the sequence in most places during a time of peace and
cooperation among Italian city-states, as opposed to one of isolation and
individual self-assertion. The shift is marked by the Peace of Lodi in 1454, but it began earlier, with the friendship
between Cosimo de’ Medici and Francesco Sforza. To this same spirit may be
attributed the fact that the final 22 were the same everywhere (except at some
point Florence, which dropped the Popess, if it ever had it), drawing together the contributions
of different centers. </span></p></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Bagatella (Magician, also called Bagatello early on) and Fool are likewise not part of <span style="color: #5b9bd5; mso-themecolor: accent5;"><span style="color: black;">my</span> </span>three groups. They lack
the allegorical stature to be above Kings like the others, and again, they are
always in the same place in the lists, the Bagatella as lowest triumph and the
Fool as a wild card. To these may be added the Hanged Man, also always in the
same place, just before Death. Then there is the Wheel of Fortune. It is always
just below the Old Man except in a few A orders where the Chariot, the variable
card usually just below the Wheel, changes places with it. While not in Petrarch,
it was a triumphator in Boccaccio’s <i>Amorosa Visione</i>. It is not obviously
either late or early.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The 14 (or perhaps 16, with the theologicals but minus the Popess) are, I am hypothesizing, a nucleus to which the others can be added. Here is what they look, in the four early centers of the Tarot. The four Imperatori or Papi are blue, the Petrarchans red, the virtues purple, and the "added cards" (my term) black:</span><br /></p></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Florence (ca. 1500): Bagatello, <span style="color: #2b00fe;">Popess (?), Empress, Emperor, Pope,</span> <span style="color: #6aa84f;"><span style="color: red;">Love,</span> <span style="color: #800180;">Temperance, Fortitude, Justice</span></span><span style="color: #ff00fe;">,</span> Wheel,<span style="color: red;"> Chariot</span> (or <span style="color: red;">Chariot,</span> Wheel), <span style="color: red;">Old Man</span> (Time), Hanged Man, <span style="color: red;">Death</span>,<span style="color: #ffa400;"> <span style="color: black;">Devil, Tower, Star, Moon, Sun, </span><span style="color: red;">World, Angel</span>. </span></span></p></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bologna (late 1600s): Bagattino, <span style="color: #2b00fe;">four Papi</span> (perhaps differentiated earlier), <span style="color: red;">Love, Chariot,</span> <span style="color: #800180;">Temperance, Justice, Fortitude,</span> Wheel, <span style="color: red;">Old Man ("Time)</span>, Hanged Man, <span style="color: red;">Death, <span style="color: black;">Devil, Tower, Star, Moon, Sun,</span> World, Angel.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ferrara (Sermo de Ludo, c. 1480, Bertoni mid-1500s): Bagatella, <span style="color: #2b00fe;">Empress, Emperor, Popess (or Popess, Emperor), Pope</span>,<span style="color: #800180;"> Temperance,</span> <span style="color: red;">Love, Chariot (or Chariot, Love), </span><span style="color: #800180;">Fortitude,</span> Wheel, <span style="color: red;">Old Man (Time)</span>, Hanged Man, <span style="color: red;">Death, </span>Devil, Tower, Star, Moon, Sun, <span style="color: red;">Angel, World</span>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Lombardy (Pavia, Alciato): Bagatello, <span style="color: #2b00fe;">Popess, Empress, Emperor, Pope</span>, <span style="color: red;">Love, </span><span style="color: #800180;">Justice,</span> <span style="color: red;">Chariot,</span> <span style="color: #800180;">Fortitude (or Fortitude, <span style="color: red;">Chariot</span>)</span> Wheel, <span style="color: red;">Old Man</span>, Hanged Man, <span style="color: red;">Death</span>, <span style="color: #800180;">Temperance, <span style="color: black;">Devil, Tower, Star, Moon, Sun, <span style="color: red;">Angel, World.</span></span></span> <br /></span></p>
</span></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In Florence and Bologna, Prudence would probably go with the other virtues. It is not clear where Prudence would go in Ferrara and Lombardy. Except for the virtues, the sequence is much the same everywhere, with very small variations: a few cards interchanging with the one next to it, and the order of the dignitaries before the Pope.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It is possible, I wish to emphasize, that the theological virtues were part of the sequence early on and then were dropped everywhere except in the 41 triumph version known as minchiate. In that case a 14 card version might have had, along with all seven virtues, the six Petrarchans plus the Wheel. My co-participants on Tarot History Forum, "Phaeded" and "Nathaniel," have proposed such an ur-tarot, agreeing on the seven virtues of the medieval Church but with different sources for the others. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In Nathaniel's case, the others are from Petrarch, but with a second Chariot card instead of the Wheel; see <a href="https://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=12&t=2321">https://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=12&t=2321</a>. This way of getting 7 Petrarchans is not very appealing, as the two cards would look too much alike, in a game where quick identification is important. Moreover, there is no suggestion of two chariots in any of the surviving partial decks or later lists. If the 7th Petrarchan is imagined as the Wheel, or an Emperor, his proposal is more attractive. Then there would have been 4 "good" imperatori (the imperials and papals) and 4 "bad" ones (Fool, Bagatella, Hanged, Devil, Tower or Hanged Man - a nice way to imagine the predecessor game of VIII Imperadori (two for each suit), and a type of division also seen in the predecessor game of Karnöffel. However, the Imperials remain most natural to put above the kings, and thus the most natural candidates for the beginning of a trump suit, so that it is more likely that 1 to 4 of them would have been part of the original game. Then the other trumps of <i>VIII Imperadori</i> might well have been a source for four of those added later.<br /></span></p></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">For Phaeded<i> </i>(<a href="https://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=16260#p16260">https://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=16260#p16260</a>),
the original titles, besides those of the 7 virtues, derive from their mentions in Dante's <i>Paradiso</i>; they are essentially those cards that "Nathaniel" and I attribute to Petrarch, except for the World, which he sees as Prudence. The problem is that the words he picks from the <i>Paradiso</i> play no special role in the poem but are merely ten out of the thirty thousand or so words that appear. Since the imperials, Petrarchans, and Wheel are common medieval motifs, it is no surprise that they would be in the <i>Paradiso</i>. In contrast, Petrarch's succession of six named subjects more or less capture six of the main themes of his poem, with the seventh (the Wheel) as the main triumphator of Boccaccio's similar <i>Amorosa Visione. </i> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The part of this proposal about the seven virtues, however, seems to me on firmer ground - if 4, why not 7? - at least for the two places where the theological virtues did appear, namely Lombardy and Florence. In what follows, I will be taking it into account.</span><br /></p></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The question now is to see how the framework
of a Marziano-style grid linked to suits can help to account for the variations seen in the orders and why cards would have been added. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Since the hypothesized additions are mostly not at one end
or the other, one necessary assumption is that while players in a particular region might
object to major changes in the order once it started being played in their city,
they could tolerate new cards being inserted into that order or subtracted, if
it served a purpose. (An example is minchiate, which is a tarot with a series
of groups of cards inserted into it and one less.) Having the same cards in
every region, even if their order varied in each region, would be just such a
purpose, especially if the new cards also provided appealing images useful for
education or contemplation. It would make the game part of building a shared
identity and culture of Italians, promoting peace and cooperation while also
preserving regional characteristics. </span></p></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><p> <b>Notes: </b></p></span></span></span></div><br /></div><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"> <span lang="IT">Moakley 1966, 46 and n. 10, 53,
citing Durrieu 1911, 376-377, and Pier Candido Decembrio, <i>Vita Filippi
Mariae Vicecomitis mediolanensium ducis tertii vita</i>, Cap. </span></span>LXI,
written 1447-1448. The relevant passage is online at <a href="http://trionfi.com/decembrio-filippo-maria-visconti">http://trionfi.com/decembrio-filippo-maria-visconti</a>.
See also Caldwell and Ponzi 2019, 106<i>.</i> </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> Pratesi
1989, 30.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dummett 1989.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dummett 1980, 66.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> Dummett
1989, 75.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Vitali 2003-2017.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua",serif;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua",serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua",serif;"> </span>Decker, Depaulis, and Dummett 1996,
27.<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua",serif;"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri", sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> See n. 18 below.</span><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span></span></span></a> </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri", sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span>Haas 2015, 97. Vitali, 2003-2017, cites two current eminent medievalists and a
professor of scientific thought for “15-20 anni di ritardo” (a 15-20 year lag),
even “20/25 e più anni addietro” (20/25 and more years earlier). His example is
the invention of eyeglasses, which two independent testimonies, in Florence and
Venice, put at least 15 years earlier.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
For a contrary view, see Caldwell 2007.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"> Dummett and McLeod, 2009, Introduction.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">; Depaulis 2013a, 17-18 and n. 6, citing Noreida
Newbigin, ed., “I ‘Giornati’ de ser Giusto Giusti,” <i>Letteratura Italiana
Antica</i> III (<span style="color: #5b9bd5; mso-themecolor: accent5;">2002), </span>66.
</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> Pratesi
2012a. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
1445: Pratesi 2012b. For the 1450s and 1460s, Pratesi 2012a, Esch and Esch,
2013.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> Laws:
Pratesi 1990. Arrests: Pratesi 2015; both men were
arrested at the same time and place.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> Spelled
<i>Imperadori</i>, 1423: Franceschini 1993, lines 137ff under “i,” cited by
Caldwell, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/">http://trionfi.com/imperatori-cards-ferrara-1423</a>;
spelled <i>Imperatori</i>, 1434: Pratesi 1995, 7.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> Pratesi
1990, 2012a, 2012b, 2015.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
Vitali, 2004-2016, n. 6, citing personal communication from Ross Caldwell, that
the 1442 record was first reported by Giuseppi Bertoni in 1904<span style="font-family: inherit;"> (“Nuovi tarocchi versificati,”</span> in
<i>Giornale storico della letteratura italiana</i> vol. 43, 57, n. 5 ).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Bernardini Senensis, 1950</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">:</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">carticellae et <a name="_Hlk70734097">consimilia</a>,” cited in
Vitali 2009, who dates the editing to 1430-1436</span>.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;"><a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a> <a href="http://www.trionfi.com/0/e/nof71/02">http://www.trionfi.com/0/e/nof71/02</a>.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;"><a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"> “Nel 1420 vietò qualsiasi giuoco delle
carte, quando non fosse secondo il retto e antico sistema,” in F. Malaguzzi
Valeri, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La corte di Ludovico il Moro</i> I
(Milano: Hoepli, 1913-1917), 268; adding “iactando foras figuras et alia signa
pro tali signo et tali figura,” according to Caldwell at </span><a href="https://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=5187#p5187"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">https://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=5187#p5187</span></a><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">. </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>
For 1446: Schreiber, 1937, 46. For the other details, Dummett 1980, 188.
Schreiber also alleged a 1426 document, but that has proven <span style="color: #0070c0;"><span style="color: black;">currently</span> </span>unverifiable. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>See<span style="color: #0070c0;"> <span style="color: black;">here </span></span>n. 18<span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> For
more information see <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/h/">http://trionfi.com/0/h/</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>
For the main orders and regions, see Dummett 1980, 399-401; region A updated, Depaulis
2007, 41-43; region C updated, Depaulis 2013b, 113-114. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a> Caldwell
and Ponzi 2019, 22-23 (with the Latin).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid., 22-25 (with the Latin).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a> Ibid.,
22-23 (with the Latin).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a> Dummett
1989, 74.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pratesi 1989, 35.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri", sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span><span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span>Caldwell and Ponzi 2019, 92-93 (with the Latin).</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri", sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span> </span></span><a href="http://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=20655#p20655"><span>http://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=20655#p20655</span></a><span> (22 Jan., 2019).</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri", sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="IT"> E.g., Pedini, c. 1746, on <i>Sequenze</i>
and <i>Cricche</i> (or <i>Pariglie</i>).</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dummett 1989, 75.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Dummett
1980, <a name="_Hlk81238473">26 n. 33</a>.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> As suggested
by Decker 1974, Vitali 1995, Berry 1987 and 2004, and, with the most
documentation, Teikemeier, 2004.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a> <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/00b/">http://trionfi.com/0/e/00b/</a>, <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/e/16/">http://trionfi.com/0/e/16/</a>. For another
set of 14, in the 1450s, see here the end of section 7.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"> Dummett 1980, 78.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Moakley 1966, 41 n. 1, citing A<i>rchivio storico
lombardo</i>, anno xviii, 792: “O chiara luce, o specchio, o colonna, o
sostegno, o franca spada, che la nostra contrada mantenevi sicura in monte e in
piano!”</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua",serif; mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri", sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a></span> Pratesi 2016a, 3, fig. 1 (reproduction of J. Berry,
“Found - and Lost?”, <i>Playing Card World</i> 79 [1995], 26-27).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid., citing Ringhieri 1551, 132. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a> This
source for the cards has been advocated by many: Moakley 1966, 45-48; Shephard
1985, Pratesi 1998, etc.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a>
In the tarot: Folengo, 1527, trans. <span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">Mullaney, 143; Pomeran, 1534, n.p; in minchiate, Depaulis 2007, 43. </span>The
Bolognese sheets and minchiate figures have wings; the Charles VI, “Alessandro
Sforza,” and Visconti-Sforza have the hourglass. For comparable Petrarch illustrations,
see Cohen <span style="color: #0070c0;">2000.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a> For
more details, see the entries for both terms at <a href="http://gdli.it">http://gdli.it</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a>
Observed by Jean-Michel David at <a href="http://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=215#p215">http://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=215#p215</a>
(April 9, 2008). The cards of this deck (search “Visconti Tarot”) are viewable
on the website of the Beinecke Library of Yale University.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a> On
the wings, see Ross Caldwell at <a href="https://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=4294#p4294">https://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=4294#p4294</a>
(Sept. 5, 2009). For the cards of Bologna, my references are the two sheets now
held by the Ecole Supérieure des Beaux Arts and the Rothschild Collection at
the Louvre, both in Paris, and for the cards not on these sheets, the “Dalla
Torre” Tarocchino held by the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, and online at Gallica.
The “Charles VI” is also at Gallica, while the Rosenwald is on the website of
the National Gallery in Washington.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a> Pesellino’s
wedding chest, c. 1450, is an example. On this point I want to thank
“Nathaniel” on Tarot History Forum.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri", sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a></span> Cohen
2000, 126. Compare especially her fig. 2 and fig. 8.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[50]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"> <span lang="IT">Suggested by Pratesi 2016b. </span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote; text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"> Pedini, c. 1746, Cap. V: “Ne Papi non v'è
ordine“ (In Papi, there is no order); Piscina 1565, 16-17: “Non è adesso
maraviglia che giocando l'Imperatore di minore dignità & authorità de i
Papi alcune volte gli vinca e pigli…” </span>(Now you do not have to be
surprised that when playing the Emperor, of a lesser authority and dignity than
the Popes, sometimes he wins and takes them). </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: left;"><a href="#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[52]</span></span></span></span></a>
The order is invariably Devil, Tower, Star, Moon, Sun, after which the order
varies, either World and then Angel or vice versa. See the tables in Dummett
1980, 399-401.</p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography for Part I</span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">PEDINI, Vincenzo Maria (c. 1746). <i>Spiegazione
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">PISCINA, Francesco (1565) <i>Discorso sopra
L’ordine delle figure de Tarocchi.</i> </span>Monte Regal (Piedmont): Lionardo
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">POMERAN, Troilo (1534) <i>Triomphi de Troilo
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">PRATESI, Franco
(1989) "The Earliest Tarot Pack Known." Part 1 in <i>The Playing-Card
</i>18, No. 1, 28-32; Part 2, <i>The Playing-Card</i> 18:2, 33-38. <span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">Both parts combined at naibi.net.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">PRATESI, Franco (1990) “Carte da gioca a Firenze:
Il Primo Secolo.” </span><i><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">The
Playing-Card</span></i><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"> 19, No. 1,
7-17, at naibi.net</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">PRATESI, Franco (1995) </span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“</span><a href="http://naibi.net/A/55-IMPER-Z.pdf" target="_blank"><span color="windowtext" lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Les
‘Imperatori’ des Florence à la cour de Ferrare.”<i> </i></span><i><span color="windowtext" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">L'As de Trèfle, </span></i><span color="windowtext" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">N. 54, 16-17</span></a><a href="http://naibi.net/A/55-IMPER-Z.pdf" target="_blank"><i><span color="windowtext" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span></i></a><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">at naibi.
net.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">PRATESI, Franco
(1998) “<a href="http://naibi.net/A/67-TSOURCES-Z.pdf" target="_blank"><span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">In Search of
Tarot Sources,” Part 2, <i>The Playing-Card</i> 27, No. 3, 111-116, at
naibi.net.</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">PRATESI, Franco (2012a), “A dozen of naibi di
trionfi,” at naibi. net</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">PRATESI, Franco
(2012b) “Naibi sold by silk dealers,” at naibi.net.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">PRATESI, Franco (2015) “1440-1450: Firenze –
Condanne per giochi di carte nei Libri del Giglio,” at naibi.net. Trans. </span>Howard
at <a href="http://pratesitranslations.blogspot.com/2016/02/oct-12-2015-1440-1450-florence.html">http://pratesitranslations.blogspot.com/2016/02/oct-12-2015-1440-1450-florence.html</a>.
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">PRATESI, Franco (2016a) “1510ca:
Assisi – Mazzo completo di 48 carte,” at naibi.net. Trans. <span style="color: #0070c0;"><span style="color: black;">Howard a</span>t </span><a href="http://pratesitranslations.blogspot.com/2016/11/dec-22-2016-assisi-c-1510-complete-deck.html">http://pratesitranslations.blogspot.com/2016/11/dec-22-2016-assisi-c-1510-complete-deck.html</a><span style="color: #0070c0;">. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #0070c0;"> </span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">PRATESI, Franco (2016b) "Altri
commenti sui trionfi,” at naibi.net. Trans. </span>Howard at <a href="http://pratesitranslations.blogspot.com/2016/02/jan-11-2015-other-comments-qabout.html">http://pratesitranslations.blogspot.com/2016/02/jan-11-2015-other-comments-qabout.html</a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">RINGHIERI, Innocentio (1551) <i>Cento Giuochi
liberali et d'ingegnio</i>. Bologna: Anselmo Giaccarelli. In Google Books.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">SCHREIBER, Wilhelm L. (1937). <i>Die ältesten
Spielkarten und die auf das Kartenspiel Bezug habenden Urkunden des 14. und 15.
</i></span><i>Jahrhunderts, </i>Paul Heitz, ed., Strassburg: J.H.E. Heitz. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">SHEPHARD, John (1985) <i>The Tarot Trumps: Cosmos in Miniature</i>. London:
Aquarian Press.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">TEIKEMEIER,
Lothar (2004) "5x14 Theory - Spotlights.” <a href="http://trionfi.com/0/f/11">http://trionfi.com/0/f/11</a> (more on
sidebar).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">VITALI, Andrea (1995) “L'Harmonia Celeste.” In <i>La
Carovano dei Tarocchi: Storia, Arte, Magia</i>, pp. 5-8 </span><a href="http://www.letarot.it/cgi-bin/pages/Caravan%20Italiano.pdf"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">http://www.letarot.it/cgi-bin/pages/Caravan%20Italiano.pdf</span></a><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">VITALI, Andrea (2003-2017) “Il Principe inventore
del Ludus Triumphorum.” </span>At letarot.it, with English trans.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">VITALI, Andrea (2004-2016) Bologna and the Invention of
the Triumphs.” At letarot.it (English version).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">VITALI, Andrea (2009) “San Bernardino e le Carte
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</span><p></p></span></span></div><p></p><p></p></div></span><p></p>Michael S Howardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06488567669455421279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6578680649698946819.post-19622590166844390322021-10-13T00:42:01.340-07:002023-06-11T23:01:21.575-07:00FROM MARZIANO TO THE LUDUS TRIUMPHORUM, PART 2<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">5. The A Order: Florence
and Bologna</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">To summarize thus far: Marziano proposed a game based on a
4x4 grid connecting cards of superior trick-taking power with four suits, in
four rows of four cards each, also ordered among themselves from 1 to 16, in
four columns. In the case of the tarot subjects, the four cardinal virtues, because
of certain objects in their standard depictions (swords, sticks or columns,
cups, and round looking-glasses) lend themselves to being connected with suits
(swords, batons, cups, and coins), while trans-national dignitaries lend
themselves to being positioned above Kings while having a special relationship
to one kingdom themselves. Petrarch’s hierarchy of triumphs lend themselves
easily to being put into a hierarchy of cards in a trick-taking game. These
groups of cards, 4 plus 4 plus 6, also, except Pope and Death, vary in their position
in the sequence from region to region, reflecting a time when individual
self-assertion of regions was more important than collective action, while the
other cards mostly reflect a time when the opposite was the goal. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><a name="_Hlk85512617"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Marziano had four “orders” of gods,
each linked to a suit of birds and one of<span style="color: #0070c0;"> </span>the
four rows of a grid. </span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In
the new game of Trionfi, to play a similar game, there will be four such rows
of cards, linked to the four suits by the one virtue card in each row. That is
in the horizontal direction. At the same time, the triumphs relative to one
another are numbered from 1 to 14. That is the vertical direction, in four
columns. The order of those 14, on my hypothesis, will be determined by the
order in which they occur in the full 22 as given later in lists in the three
regions, an order that varies considerably from one region to another and even
varies slightly within the region itself. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Let us continue. In Dummett’s A region (Florence and Bologna), the virtues go
one after the other.<sup> <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></sup></span></a></sup> If
so, in a four-by-something matrix the virtues will automatically be in four
different rows. So it is a good place to start a reconstruction.<br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In Florence it happens that while the early lists
of the order are not identical, the difference only affects cards that are not among our
chosen 14, principally the Wheel, which is
sometimes just above and sometimes just below the Chariot. And all have the dignitaries lowest, then the
virtues, then the Petrarchans, with one exception: the lowest Petrarchan, Love,
goes between the dignitaries and the virtues. It is as though the virtues substituted for Petrarch’s <i>Pudicizia, w</i>hich
he had described as a kind of militant chastity subduing Love. The order of the
Petrarchans is then the same as Petrarch’s in his <i>I Trionfi</i> except that Fame
(the Chariot) and Time (the Old Man) go before rather than after Death, as
discussed in section 4.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The main uncertainty here is where to put Prudence. The
order of the virtues in Florence is Temperance lowest, then Fortitude, then
Justice. That order corresponds perfectly to the hierarchy in which St. Thomas Aquinas
ordered them, with Prudence added as the
highest of the four.<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Another possibility is Plato: for him Temperance, for the appetites, was lowest, then Fortitude, the virtue governing the heart and lungs. Wisdom
(corresponding to Prudence) was for the head; yet Justice was perhaps higher,
as the virtue governing the soul as a whole.<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
But let us provisionally use Aquinas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><a name="_Hlk84736124"></a><a name="_Hlk73534632"></a><a name="_Hlk84821270"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><b>Type A, Florence, 14 triumphs (virtues and
corresponding suits in bold)</b></span></span></a></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84821270;"></span>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><a name="_Hlk73561379">14 Angel (Eternity)</a></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;">12 Death</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"><b>8 Justice</b></span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;">4 Pope </span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"><b>Swords</b></span></span></span></p>
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<tr style="height: 15.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.75pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;">13 World (Eternal Glory)</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;">11 Old Man (Time)</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"><b>7 Fortitude</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;">3 Emperor </span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;" valign="top" width="81">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"><b>Batons</b> <br /></span></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 2.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.75pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;">10 Chariot (Fame)</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"><b>6 Temperance</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;">2 Empress</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;" valign="top" width="81">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"><b>Cups</b><br /></span></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 14.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 14.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.75pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"><b>9 Prudence </b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;">5 Love</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;">1 Popess (?)</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 60.8pt;" valign="top" width="81">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"><b>Coins</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span></span></span>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73561379;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73534632;"></span>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84736124;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">If the educational point of the game is to teach the use of
the virtues in major life concerns, the vertical order in Florence does not do
a good job by itself, since it is just one group after another. But there are
also the horizontal rows. To remember the privileged trumps in tricks, or combinations
that add to the score, as dictated by the rows (see the end of section 3,
above), players must learn which dignitary, Petrarchan(s), and suit attach to
each virtue. It is a matter of putting the requisite four subjects in a memorable
sentence that also conveys a lesson. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">For example, the <b>Pope </b>warns that the
<b>Angel</b> of Judgment is coming after <b>Death</b>, when souls will be
weighed on the scales of <b>Justice.</b> <b>Emperors</b>, <b>old age,</b> and <b>the
road to glory (World)</b> require Fortitude. Those who enjoy <b>worldly</b> <b>Fame
</b>should manage its rewards with <b>Temperance</b> (i.e., moderation), following
the moderating influence of the <b>Empress</b>. <b>Love,</b> besides being ruled vertically
by Temperance, is controlled by considerations of<b> Prudence,</b> a virtue
gained through knowledge, of which the Church, in canon law the <b>Pope’s wife,</b>
is the chief repository.<sup> <a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></sup></span></a></sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In Florence there is no verification of a Popess in any of
the lists or decks; hence the question mark above. For her precise place in the
order, our only clue is in the c. 1500 Rosenwald sheet, where she is the lowest
of the four. If she was absent early on, it makes no difference except in the
narratives. In that case, to keep the number at 14, the Wheel might have been
there, or the Sun as a second card for Petrarch’s Time. Admittedly the presence
of two blank spaces in the grid is odd. There might have been one less column, putting
World and Angel above the grid, perhaps as extensions of the top row, with a
corresponding chance to win extra points. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Alternatively, there might have been no blank spaces in the grid, following Marziano on that point. The Sun, Petrarch’s main
personification of Time, could have been there below the World, and the Wheel
before or after Chariot. Or a deck with the three theological virtues could
have arisen early on, as a second form of the game, a kind of proto-minchiate (or even the earliest version of all). In
that case the Popess would be absent, and the four cardinal virtues all be in the
same column, a nice result, for 16 total. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Then at some point Prudence got removed
from the tarot sequence. In that case, to avoid confusion among players of both
games, Prudence could go with the cards that were different, while not changing rows, just by
sliding it over one space:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a name="_Hlk84820720"><b>Type A, Florence, 16 triumphs, proto-minchiate</b></a></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 627px;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 14.8pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 14.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.25pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;">16 Angel</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 14.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.55pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"><b>12</b> <b>Prudence</b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 14.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.95pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;">8<b> </b>Chariot<b></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 14.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;">4 Love</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 14.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.8pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"><b>Coins</b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.25pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;">15 World</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.55pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;">11 Hope</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.95pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"><b>7 Justice</b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;">3 Pope</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.8pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"><b>Swords</b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.25pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;">14 Charity</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.55pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;">10 Death</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.95pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"><b>6 Fortitude</b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;">2 Emperor</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.8pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"><b>Batons</b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 14.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.25pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;">13 Faith</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.55pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;">9<b> </b>Old Man (Time)<b></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.95pt;" valign="top" width="143">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"><b>5</b> <b>Temperance</b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;">1 Empress</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 14.8pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.8pt;" valign="top" width="105">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"><b>Cups</b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84820720;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This seems to me a nice explanation for how Prudence in
minchiate would have become inserted between Hope and Faith. If the Wheel was
absent, such a deck, existing alongside the Trionfi of 14 trumps, would have been quite early,
before the Florentine order had expanded to the 20 or 40 trumps (not counting the Fool) it later had. Even if minchiate did not exist until later, when the
Wheel, Hanged Man, Devil, and Tower had been added, the same matrix would
explain the odd placement of Prudence, moving it two rows instead. (But it
would have to have been all four, because otherwise Prudence would be in the
same row as some other virtue.)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Needless
to say, there do not have to have been any trans-national dignitaries at all
in the grid: the seven virtues could start the order, beginning with
Temperance and ending with Charity, followed by the Petrarchans, the
Wheel inserted in their middle, for 14 total. Or one dignitary and no Wheel.<br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bologna had a different order. For one thing, all the
dignitaries were equal in rank,<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
a practice at such variance from the rest of the order that it was likely an
original feature there.<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Happily for my hypothesis, this arrangement is
also consistent with their having originated as extensions of the four suits, if
the suits themselves were unranked. It is then also likely that they were originally
four. If they were equal, they would not have had to be distinguished by gender
or even type of crown. All that would necessary, in the beginning, is that each
be distinguishable from the others, in order to know to which row of the grid
they belonged. (In the next phase, even that will be unimportant.)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">When two <i>papi</i> were played in the same trick, the last
one played took priority.<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
In Florence of 1438-1440, such a rule would have caused problems, because it
would have been easy to interpret them allegorically as Greek church and state vs.
Latin church and state, one or the other triumphing if two came together, when
the professed goal at the council was principled unity. So the game there would
likely would not have had warring equals, but rather a hierarchy, all tactfully
Western.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A 16<sup>th</sup> or 17<sup>th</sup> century Bolognese interpretation
had the four as contending pope, antipope, emperor, and excommunicated emperor.<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Bologna, more than Florence, felt the partisanship of the papal schisms of the
late 14<sup>th </sup>- early 15<sup>th</sup> century, due to its position as
part of the papal state rather than an independent commune like . Bologna, to
gain more independence, often sought the Visconti as protectors, as well as
sometimes allying with Florence. At the beginning of the century, there were
opposing claimants for Emperor, with the Visconti on one side and Florence on
the other, until one died in 1410. In that year Bologna found its papal legate
and long-time resident ecclesiastic Baldassare Cossa elected pope (John XXIII),
whom others declared an antipope. Both resigned, and there was a new election.
But Bologna continued to feel the long arm of the Empire, by way of the Visconti,
and of the papacy, by way of papal legates. Sometimes one got the upper hand,
sometimes the other, with the Bolognese caught in the middle. Florence, on the
other hand, was more consistently anti-Visconti and less affected internally by
the opposing forces.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A list by the Bolognese writer Giulio Cesare Croce in 1602 included
an Emperor and an Empress but left out the papal cards, perhaps to avoid
offense.<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
What those two woulf have been called, besides <i>papi</i>, is unclear. Both looked rather
effeminate, at least in their standard 17<sup>th</sup> century form, but their
images were visually distinct: one held the keys of St. Peter and gave a papal blessing,
while the other held a book and not the papal three-barred staff but a staff with
just one bar, two elements also associated with the theological virtue Faith (e.g.,
in the Scrovegni Chapel, Padua). The suggestion might be that if either can
triumph over the other, sometimes the Pope’s will is not that of the Faith.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Another difference from Florence is that in Bologna Fortitude
was above Justice. If so, the order of virtues is consistent with that of Wisdom
of Solomon 8:7: “<i>sobrietatem enim et sapientiam docet et <a name="_Hlk85324777">iustitiam</a> et virtutem</i>” in the Vulgate, <i>sobrietatem
</i>as temperance,<i> sapientiam</i> as prudence,<i> iustitiam</i> as justice,
and <i>virtutem </i>as fortitude; so temperance, prudence, justice, fortitude.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In Bologna, that the Chariot was originally above the
virtues, as in Florence, is attested by Croce in the list previously cited.
Such a placement is also suggested by the Chariot's presence among two sheets
in Paris containing eleven cards of the last twelve in the order.<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
If eleven cards are among the last twelve, probably the twelfth is, too. But by
around 1650 the Chariot is reported below the virtues, as though considering the
Charioteer’s lust for power as just as much in need of tempering by the virtues
as the other appetites. But for the earlier order we have:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><b>Type A, Bologna, 14 triumphs
(or at least 13 and at most 16)</b></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.75pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Angel
(Eternity)</p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Death</p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>8 Justice</b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Papa Four</p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.35pt;" valign="top" width="88">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>Swords</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.75pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">World (Eternity/Glory)</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">11 Old Man
(Time)</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>7 Prudence</b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Papa Three</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.35pt;" valign="top" width="88">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>Coins </b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.75pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> </p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">10 Chariot
(Fame)</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>6 Temperance</b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Papa Two</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.35pt;" valign="top" width="88">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>Cups </b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.75pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> </p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>9 Fortitude</b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">5 Love</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">Papa One</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.35pt;" valign="top" width="88">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>Batons </b></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The differences from Florence are weak evidence that
Bologna’s order was earlier than Florence’s. Four dignitaries of equal power
make sense if they are extensions of the suits, which are also equal. Putting
them in a hierarchy rationalizes them, makes them follow the same principle as
the rest. In a similar way, when what matters about virtues is their
correlation to suits, their order is of lesser concern, and the order in Wis. Sol. 8:7 is as good as any. But
from a hierarchical point of view, putting Fortitude higher than Justice goes
against the best authorities (Aquinas, Plato). It makes sense to change the order so that
Justice is higher; it isn’t good pedagogy the other way around. The passage in
Wis. Sol. is just a list, whereas Aquinas and Plato had hierarchies, along with
arguments in favor of them.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The horizontal associations here are easier, in that the
placement of the dignitaries is not a factor. Again it is a matter of narrative
sentences: Love requires fortitude; Prudence is the virtue of age and toward
mastery of the World; Justice again comes after Death with the Angel. The educational
value might have been a selling point for the parents who are buying it – and
for the local authorities, whom the card makers hope will approve the game.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6. The C order: Lombardy </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I will take the Lombard order next because there is actual
verification of many of the cards present early on: the two earliest surviving
decks known are from Lombardy, both with Visconti emblems and thought to be
from the time of Filippo Maria Visconti. The Brera-Brambilla (BB) has 14 cards
per suit, so, on the current minimal hypothesis, 14 triumphs, of which only two
are extant. Given what they are, the Emperor and the Wheel, it might have been
an “imperatore” style deck, with four or eight triumphs. In that case the Wheel
could be an Imperatore card in virtue of its top personage, a ruler.
But the other eventuality, that 12 are missing, is more likely, because all
the extant cards are quite similar to those of the Cary-Yale (CY, also known as the Visconti di Modrone).</span>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The presence of the Wheel,
however, still presents a problem: while similar to the six Petrarchans, it is
not one of them, and so is not a member of any of the three groups postulated
so far. To keep the number at 14, one of the original 14 would have been
dropped. The obvious candidate is the Popess, always a controversial card with
preachers and confusing even to the ordinary person. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">What remains is to demonstrate whether a Marziano-type grid
is plausible that matches suits to virtues
horizontally and corresponds vertically to one or other of the orders later
recorded in Lombardy in the 16<sup>th</sup> century. To complicate matters, there
are two such orders. One is that of an anonymous series of three-line verses
dedicated to 21 ladies of Pavia, probably no later than 1540. The other is a
short stanza referring to all of the triumphs in order, by the jurist Andrea
Alciato in 1544.<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></sup></span></sup></a> They
are the same except in two instances: (1) Fortitude appears immediately above
Justice for Alciato, but one card higher for “Pavia”; and (2) Alciato has the
Popess before the Empress, while for “Pavia” it is the reverse. Such small variations
are commonplace, but they complicate the demonstration. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Another issue is whether Angel or World would have been last.
If the Angel was last in Piedmont, as suggested by Piscina’s 1565 <i>Discorso</i>,<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
written there, the same might have been true in adjoining Lombardy early on: in
most other respects they had the same order, with the exception that Lombardy,
unlike Piedmont, by then ranked its dignitaries. The scene on the CY World card
supports Piedmont’s placement, in that it presents a this-worldly scene of a
knight with castles and in the distance ships at sea, clearly before the Last
Judgment. Since neither card is a virtue, it
does not make much difference in which order they
were.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Where to put Prudence is a different matter, and a bit
difficult. In 1986 Dummett suggested that the Popess might have substituted for
Prudence.<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
That has the merit of not only giving a place for Prudence but also putting
another card, one not among the extant cards in either the BB or CY, in the
right place in the order later on as its substitute. It also selects for
omission the card that was the least liked by clerics. Here is how that would
work, following Alciato’s order (it won’t work for the “Pavia” order, which has
the Chariot 7<sup>th</sup> and Fortitude 8<sup>th</sup>, because that would put
two virtues in one row and none in another). Below, you will find the cards not
extant in either the BB or CY put in italics:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>Type C: Brera-Brambilla
(BB), Alciato order, Prudence in place of Popess. Cards not extant in BB or Cary-Yale
(CY) in italics (not a likely configuration).</b></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="TableGrid3" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 6.7pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.75pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">14 Angel
(Eternity)</p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">12<b><i> Temperance</i></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i>8 </i>Chariot
(Pudicizia)<i></i></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i>4 Pope</i></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.25pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>Cups</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.75pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">13 World (Fame)</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">11 Death<b><i></i></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>7 Fortitude</b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">3 Emperor</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.25pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>Batons</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.75pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> </p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">10 <i>Old Man
(Time</i>)</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">6 <b><i>Justice</i></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;">2 Empress</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.25pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>Swords</b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.75pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"> </p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i>9 </i>Wheel</p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i>5 </i>Love<i></i></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i>1 <b>Prudence</b></i></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.25pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>Coins </b></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The problem is that while this substitution, putting Prudence
in the Popess’s place, will work for the BB, it puts two virtues in one row in
the CY, as will be seen when we get to that deck. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A solution that will work in both decks is to move
Prudence from 1<sup>st</sup> to 12<sup>th</sup> in the grid. In the BB that
makes Justice 5th, Fortitude 6th, and Temperance 11<sup>th</sup>: a virtue in
each row. Here it is essential that the Wheel be present; otherwise Temperance
and Fortitude would be in the same row. (For how this works in the CY, see
below, Cary-Yale with Prudence after Temperance.)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the “Pavia” order, there is also a workable substitution
for Prudence. This one seems hinted at in two late sources. Piscina, in nearby
Piedmont, says that the Hanged Man is in the order “to demonstrate the bad end
of those who despite prudent [<i>prudenti</i>] advice.”<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
The other hint is in a c. 1550 poem, attributed to a certain Vincenzo Imperiali,
that incorporates the titles of each triumph in order from the top, in the Ferrara
order. He does not mention the Hanged Man, but fits in the word <i>prudenza</i>
between Death and the Old Man:<i></i></span></p><p>
</p><blockquote><p>Then comes Death, and makes
another dance,
</p><p>and prudence [<i>prudenza</i>]
and malice down here.
</p><p>and everything’s equal on the
scales [<i>bilancia</i>]. </p>
<p>But the wise old man seizes
Fortune . . .<sup><a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></sup></span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p><sup><a href="#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></sup></span></a></sup>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><a name="_Hlk74577646"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The term <i>bilancia</i>,
“scales,”<i> </i>is not a reference to the Justice card, because Imperiali
already referred to it, the </span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">second from the <span style="mso-themecolor: accent5;">top</span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"><span style="color: #5b9bd5; font-family: "Book Antiqua",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent5;">.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"><span style="color: #5b9bd5; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent5;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The word <i>Bilancia</i> is to show
that a sovereign who sends a traitor to the gallows (“another dance”) prudently
restores the balance between sovereign and subjects. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It is not inconceivable that traces
of a former title might survive in the collective memory and find a place in a
poem. But that is not so important. What is important for my hypothesis is that
the Hanged Man, just before Death, does make sense as a later substitute for
Prudence, because this placement of Prudence results in one virtue per row, as
we can see.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"><b><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">Type C, Brera Brambilla (BB), “Pavia” order. </span>Cards not extant in BB
or Cary-Yale (CY) in italics</b></span></p>
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<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.25pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;">14 Angel (Eternity)</span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"><b>12 <i>Temperance</i></b></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;">8 Wheel</span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;">4 Love</span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"><b>Cups</b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.25pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;">13 World (Fame)</span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;">11 Death</span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"><b>7 Fortitude</b></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;">3 <i>Pope </i></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.25pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"><b>Batons</b> <br /></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.25pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"><b>10 <i>Prudence</i></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;">6 Chariot (Pudicizia)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;">2 Emperor</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.25pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"><b>Coins</b> <br /></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.25pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;">9 <i>Old Man (Time)</i></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"><b>5 <i>Justice</i></b></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;">1 Empress</span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"><b>Swords</b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577646;"></span>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fortitude and the Chariot have to be in the Pavia order as
opposed to Alciato’s, because reversing them would put two virtues in one row
and none in another. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This array offers an explanation for why the Wheel would have
been added. If the intent was to alternate virtues and Petrarchans vertically,
so as to increase the associations between virtues and life-concerns, there
will be a virtue in each row only if a card is added in the middle, between
Fortitude and Prudence. There are then some interesting horizontal associations.
Temperance controls Love, while it also suggests holy communion, the key to Eternity.
Fortitude is required in the face of Death and is needed to attain Fame.
Prudence dictates <i>Pudicizia</i> and is needed by Emperors. Justice needs to
be Timely, or administered by those with the most experience (Old Men).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the CY the three theological virtues are extant cards, a situation that appears otherwise only in the much-expanded sequence
of minchiate. So let us assume its placement of them, but with the BB’s order
otherwise. If so, the following array will show why in the CY Prudence could
not have gone where the Popess will be, on the present hypothesis. There will
be two virtues in one row. Nor can Prudence be in place of the World, for the
same reason. Nor can the three theologicals go before Death. Nor have I found
any other placement of the three theologicals that works, provided they all
appear together.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a name="_Hlk79945673"></a><a name="_Hlk84732771"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"><b>Type
C: Cary-Yale (CY), Alciato order, Prudence in place of Popess, theologicals
after Death (an unworkable solution, in the “Pavia” order as well). Cards not
extant in BB or CY in italics</b></span></a></p>
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<tbody><tr style="height: 6.7pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.25pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;">16
Angel (Eternity)</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;">12
Hope</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"><i>8
</i>Wheel<i></i></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;">4
Love</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.75pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"><b>?</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.25pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;">15
World (Fame)</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"><b><i>11
Temperance</i></b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;">7<b>
</b>Chariot (Pudicizia)</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;">3
Emperor</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.75pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"><b>Cups
</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.25pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;">14
Charity</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;">10
Death</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;">6 <b>Fortitude</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;">2 Empress</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.75pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"><b>Coins</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.25pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;">13
Faith</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"><i>9
Old Man (Time</i>)</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"><i>5
<b>Justice</b></i></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"><i>1
<b>Prudence</b></i></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 53.75pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"><b>?</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span></span>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79945673;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk84732771;"></span><a name="_Hlk74577021"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></a><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">We could try placing Prudence in a different position, without Pope and
Popess. In Alciato’s order there will be one virtue per row if Prudence is 4<sup>th</sup>,
5<sup>th</sup>. 6<sup>th</sup>, 11<sup>th</sup>, or 15<sup>th</sup>. In one of
these cases, where Prudence is 11<sup>th</sup>, it can be replaced with one (or
all) of the cards from Devil to Sun and still have one virtue per row. That placement of Prudence, as we have
seen, also works in the BB. Here is the resulting CY grid: </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"><b>Type C: Cary-Yale (CY), Alciato order,
Prudence after Temperance, then theologicals. Cards not extant in BB or CY in
italics</b></span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="TableGrid3" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 6.7pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.75pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;">16 Angel (Eternity)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;">12 Hope</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"><i>8 Old Man (Time</i>)<i></i></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"><i>4 <b>Justice</b></i></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.25pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"><b>Swords</b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.75pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;">15 World (Fame)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"><i>11</i><b><i> Prudence</i></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;">7<b> </b>Wheel</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;">3 Love</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.25pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"><b>Coins</b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.75pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;">14 Charity</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"><i>10 <b>Temperance</b></i></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;">6 Chariot (Pudicizia)<b></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;">2 Emperor</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.25pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"><b>Cups</b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.75pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;">13 Faith</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;">9<i> </i>Death</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"><i>5 </i><b>Fortitude</b><i></i></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;">1 Empress</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.25pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"><b>Batons</b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Here we can again draw connections between virtues and other cards in the
row: Justice should be served in Time, but if not, it may be Hoped for at the
Last Judgment. Prudence is necessary to protect against ill Fortune, especially
in Love, and to achieve Fame. Temperance is necessary for Pudicizia and to save
enough for Charitable giving. Fortitude is the virtue needed both in the face
of Death and tests of Faith.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The other solution is in the “Pavia”
order, Prudence in the Hanged Man position:</span></span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74577021;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><a name="_Hlk87305756"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><b>Type
C: Cary-Yale (CY), “Pavia” order, Prudence in place of Hanged Man, theologicals
after Death. Cards not extant in CY or BB in italics.</b></span></a><a name="_Hlk83655191"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk87305756;"></span></span></a></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk87305756;"></span>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="TableGrid4" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 6.7pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.25pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><a name="_Hlk83655986">16 Angel (Eternity)</a></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;">12 Hope</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;">8 <i>Old Man (Time)</i></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"><b>4 <i>Justice</i></b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.25pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"><b>Sword</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.25pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;">15 World (Fame)</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"><b>11 <i>Temperance</i></b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;">7 Wheel</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;">3 Love</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.25pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"><b>Cups</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.25pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;">14 Charity</span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;">10 Death</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"><b>6 Fortitude</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;">2 Emperor</span></span></span></p>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.25pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"><b>Batons</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.25pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;">13 Faith</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"><b>9 <i>Prudence</i></b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;">5 Chariot (Pudicizia)</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;">1 Empress</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.25pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"><b>Coins</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655191;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span></span></span>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83655986;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk75965523;"></span>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">As in the BB, the pattern is an alternation of virtues and
Petrarchans, except where the Wheel has had to be added. For Justice, the
associations are as in the Alciato grid. Temperance mitigates ill Fortune and
controls Love and the desire for Fame. Fortitude is still a virtue in the face
of Death, now with the hope of Charity. Prudence dictates Faith in the
hereafter and wives’ <i>Pudicizia</i>. Not only is there a female Charioteer with
<a name="_Hlk77684423">a jousting shield (see section 3), but an Empress with
the same in the same row, reminding us of Filippo’s first wife’s alleged in</a>discretions,
for which she was executed. In either solution, the CY’s choice of subjects also
offers a nice analogy to the 16 chess pieces, which would have pleased Filippo.<a href="#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
And of course the array is 4x4, like Marziano’s. </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">These Lombard orders also serve to connect cardinal virtues
and Petrarchans in a vertical direction as well as horizontally, a process
already seen in the A order’s placement of Love below Temperance, and achieving
maximum association when no two virtues follow each other. The CY Love card offers
an explanation for why Justice rather than Temperance trumps Love: the couple
are depicting shaking hands, as if to seal an agreement. What binds love now are
the duties of each spouse to the other, with their fulfillment a matter of
justice. If Filippo had his first wife executed for adultery, it was a matter
of justice, decided in a court of law. The next virtue, Prudence, is that which
triumphs over the whims of Fortune. Temperance is the means for a temporary
triumph over death, and its cups also suggest the communion cup, for a more
permanent victory. </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7. Reports from Yale putting the theologicals before
death</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">So far, I have assumed
that the theological virtues occurred in the same place in the Cary-Yale’s order
as in Minchiate later. However, a couple of reports cast doubt on that
assumption. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">William Keller’s 1981 catalog
of the Cary Collection lists the Cary-Yale cards in the following order: </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;">Empress, Emperor,
Love, Fortitude, Faith, Hope, Charity, Chariot, Death, World, Judgment.</span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><sup><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></sup></span><a href="#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This same order appears on the Beinecke website's presentation of the cards. Before April, 2019, the last two had no titles on the website, uniquely among the extant cards of that deck, but the order was the same. Currently [2023] they have the titles "World" and "Judgment," as in Keller's catalog. It is not an order I
know from any other book or article, for any deck. In some respects it is like
that of minchiate. It has minchiate’s order of World and Judgment, even if
minchiate calls the latter the Angel, and does use minchiate’s term “Love”
rather than “Lover.” Moreover, if the Wheel was there, as is likely, its
unusual placement below the Chariot is one also found in minchiate. Also, of
course, like minchiate it has the theologicals. But they are in a different
place.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">There is also Martha Wolff
in</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">“Bonifacio
Bembo and the Minchiate Cards Painted for Filippo Maria Visconti,” </span></span>a Yale Master’s Thesis of 1974 on the Cary-Yale.</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> She has (Appendix A, n.p.): “The Empress, The
Emperor, The Triumphal Car, The Lovers, Fortitude, Charity, Hope, Faith, Death,
The Judgment, The World.” This order, except for the theologicals, seems to be based on that given by Gertrude Moakley in 1966, an order both assumed, incorrectly, was the same as that of the <i>Sermo de Ludo</i> and of all the early decks (see here Wolff p. 6, where she gives this order, and her n. 13, where she says she is taking it from Moakley, p. 61, as well as Steele, 1900, who transcribed the <i>Sermo</i>.) The <i>Sermo</i> in fact has the Lovers before the “Triumphal Car,” unlike the order that Moakley gives on p. 61 of her book, which is from a 16th century "versified tarocchi" reported by Bertoni. Wolff calls the deck an early
Minchiate, in an experimental stage. Minchiate, however, has the theologicals after Death. If so, why would she put them before? The only reason I can think of, except that of an arbitrary decision (although otherwise she gives reasons for everything she says), is that they were
that way in some source at Yale.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I e-mailed William
Keller, the cards’ curator in the 1970s, about the order of trumps for this
deck in his catalog of the Cary Collection, which give no correlations to suits
but did correspond to the odd order on the website. He replied: <br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;">I would have to
say that the order of the trumps in the catalog entry probably reflects the
order I saw in notes, inventories or articles available to me in the years
during catalog preparation. It does not represent my estimation of a particular
authority or viewpoint. Sorry to be so vague. I’m sure you have seen everything
Dummett and Decker wrote by now. It’s possible I may have simply picked up the
order presented in one of their Playing Card Society Journal pieces.</span><a href="#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #0070c0;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="color: #0070c0;"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In a follow-up he added
that “I was mostly concerned with listing rather than order.”</span></span><a href="#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Yes, Keller’s order
might have been just a list he invented and not an order based on some criteria
or other; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>but that is not true of any of
the other lists that he gives in his catalog, all of which are quite standard
for their place, time, and composition. He denies making up hypotheses of his
own; it is possible that someone else did, in the centuries between their
creation and their resting place at Yale, and their notes are what Keller used. It is also possible that this order reflects the original one for those cards.<br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In a 4x4 grid, it is possible to add the missing cards to this order in a way that puts
one virtue in each row and is consistent with the later Lombard order.<br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: 26.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><a name="_Hlk112855419"><b>Type C: Cary-Yale (CY), theologicals before Death, by rows
and columns, cards not extant in CY or BB in italics.</b></a></span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: -0.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.05pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;">16 Angel (Eternity)</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.65pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;">12 <i>Old Man (Time)</i></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.85pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;">8 Charity</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.4pt;" valign="top" width="122">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;">4 <b><i>Justice</i></b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.4pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"><b>Swords</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.05pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;">15 World (Fame)</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.65pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"><b><i>11 Prudence</i></b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.85pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;">7 Hope</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.4pt;" valign="top" width="122">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;">3 Love</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.4pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"><b>Coins</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.05pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;">14 <b><i>Temperance</i></b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.65pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;">10 Wheel<b><i> </i></b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.85pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;">6 Faith</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.4pt;" valign="top" width="122">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;">2 Emperor</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.4pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"><b>Cups</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.05pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;">13<b> </b>Death</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.65pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;">9 Chariot (Pudicizia)</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.85pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"><b>5 Fortitude</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.4pt;" valign="top" width="122">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;">1 Empress</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.4pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"><b>Batons</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 106.05pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"><b>Cups</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.65pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"><b>Coins</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.85pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"><b>Batons</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.4pt;" valign="top" width="122">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"><b>Swords <br /></b></span></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.4pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112855419;"></span></span>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It is also of interest
that the virtues are also each in a different column, an arrangement not possible in
the A order, or even in C if the theologicals are in the Minchiate order. By
columns, it is much easier to remember the groups: it is just a matter of remembering
that the first four are Swords, the second four are Batons, third, Coins, and
fourth, Cups.<br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This fact leads to another point of interest. Before April of 2019, the Cary-Yale cards were actually
assigned on the Beinecke’s website to the four suits in precisely the way above. On the web-pages with
scans of the cards, first came the numeral and court cards in Swords. Then came
the Empress, with the caption “Empress of Swords,” then the Emperor, called
“Emperor of Swords” – neither, of course, carried a sword. Then came “Love
(Swords),” again with no sword. Then came the suit cards in Batons, followed by
“Fortitude (Batons),” “Faith (Batons),” and “Hope (Batons).” Fortitude was with the lion and no stick or column. Then came the suit cards in Cups, followed by “Charity
(Cups)” and “Death (Cups).” Then the suit cards of Coins, followed by two cards
with no captions at all, but the first clearly the World and last the Angel.
These cards would, if the assignments followed those of the other three suits,
have been given to Coins. (My report on this order can be seen in a long quotation
from me in an essay by Pratesi of January 2016, to which he added a
diagram, one long column with the suits of each marked.</span></span><a href="#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> [20]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This result suggests a
different grid, with Prudence in the last column and Temperance in the third,
assuming that Temperance is correlated with Cups, as suggested by the the two vessels on the card, and Prudence with Coins, as suggested by the Ringhieri and the attribute of the mirror in the Visconti funeral oration.<br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: 26.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><a name="_Hlk112903898"><b>Type C: Cary-Yale (CY), theologicals before Death, by
columns, Prudence high.</b></a></span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: -0.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;">16 Angel (Eternity)</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"><b><i>12 Temperance</i></b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;">8 Hope</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;">4 <b><i>Justice</i></b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;">15 </span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;">11 Death</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;">7 Faith</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;">3 Love</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;">14 World (Fame)<i> </i></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;">10 Chariot (Pudicizia)</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;">6 </span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;">2 Emperor</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"><b><i>13 Prudence</i></b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;">9 Charity</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"><b>5 Fortitude</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;">1 Empress</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"><b>Coins</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"><b>Cups</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Batons</b></span></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"><b>Swords</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112903898;"></span></span>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the above, Prudence
could be anywhere in the last column, as could the missing card. Fortitude and
the missing card in the second row could be reversed. One of these missing
cards is Time (Old Man), the other the Wheel. It is not clear which goes where. One solution would be to
put Time in its Petrarchan placement, at 15, leaving the Wheel at 5 or 6. This placement
of the Wheel is of course not in accord with the later Lombard order. But if
the Theologicals are excluded, it is only one position out of order, a
variation often found in orders within the same region. And the Chariot does
come after the Wheel in some A orders, notably Minchiate and the handwritten
numbers on the Charles VI, if the theologicals are removed. It is not hard
to see the Old Man as a card that would have first been in its Petrarchan
position and then moved to a lower position. </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Another card that is out of order is Prudence, on the assumption that it was replaced by the Hanged Man.<br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nonetheless, the CY in such an order could have been one that was very limited in its
practice, even the earliest order of all; then, when the game expanded to a mass audience, its order and
composition changed, perhaps responding to changes elsewhere. In particular, the above order might have been limited to the
duke’s immediate family, expanding to his favorite military leader. Let us recall
here that Francesco Sforza, after becoming engaged to Filippo’s daughter in
1432, in 1436 went into the service of Florence. There the game could have spread
among other important people, while also changing its order and dropping the
grid. Meanwhile Filippo would have changed the order somewhat in Milan itself,
as it reached a wider audience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In that
case the CY might have been a kind of commemorative deck from Filippo to his
daughter, a work of art memorializing their time together. This is a different
origin story, but still one based on the hypothesis of a connection to a
Marziano-style grid. It could also have gone the other way, the Beinecke grid being
Filippo’s first variation on a more complicated grid originating elsewhere. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Is there any chance
that this peculiar set of associations to suits then found on the Beinecke
website actually goes back that far? In hopes of finding out more about its provenance,
in the years before April 2019 I had emailed the cards’ curator, Timothy Young,
a few times, starting in 2008. In that year he wrote back just a very general
statement:</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;">Cataloging information about the
cards was received with the collection when it was given by the Cary family to
Yale. The author of the printed catalogue to the Cary Collection used their
descriptions when he created fuller catalog records.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In 2018, having looked
again on the occasion of moving the files to a new location, he wrote:</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;">I had hoped to
find more evidence about how the Cary family acquired their sets of tarot
cards, but unfortunately, there was nothing more. The notes by the person who
created the catalog were basically a form that was filled out to be entered
into a database - and that had the same information as appears in the online
database. So I don't have any more information than what appears online. It
would be extremely helpful to my work to have a better paper trail for the
cards, but they weren't retained with the collection.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">He also endorsed again the
statement quoted from 2016. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I asked again in 2019, with
the same reply, until after I had contacted Keller and Wolff. Then he e-mailed
me some further thoughts:</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;">I did some more
checking on your question about the suits assigned to the trump cards and it
may well be that there was some confusion due to the cataloging and housing of
the cards. Each suit is stored in a separate box (there are four of them) with
extra spaces in each box to house a few trumps. I believe that The Emperor, The
Empress, and Love are stored with the Swords suit, so when scans were made of
the cards, the cataloger may have assumed that the suit needed to be added to
the names of the trumps. I can double-check this. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In his view no
significance should be attached to the triumph to suit correspondences: it was
merely a cataloger’s misinterpretation of an accident of storage. Since the
sole instance of these assignments of trumps to suits was in that very digital
library, he would have the website changed to remove them. (For a while, not
only were the suit assignments removed, but the order of the cards was made
quite random. Later, by sometime in 2022 when I first noticed it, the 2019 order was thankfully restored and only the "of Swords," etc. on the triumphs removed.) I ran this hypothesis by Wolff, who said she thought he was on
the right track. She commented “When I worked with the cards the trumps were
not integrated with the suits.” I asked Young how old the boxes were. He said
they “were created by conservators at the library sometime in the 1970s or
1980s.”</span></span><span style="color: black;"><a href="#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri", sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><a name="_Hlk112852697"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I
myself have trouble drawing Young’s conclusion that the assignments to suits is
the result of the media department’s confusion. It might or might not be. But media
departments do not act in that way: they follow instructions from catalogers. Nor
do I put faith in Wolff’s denial: she was not looking for such integration, nor
did she pay attention to, or perhaps even know, the order in the boxes (if
someone else brought out the individual cards to her). Her order is different, but
even she put the theologicals before Death, when, if it was a Minchiate as she
assumed, they would have been after Death. Instead, the order of triumphs in
the boxes precisely follows that in Keller’s 1981 book, and not only that, the resulting
suit assignments for the virtues precisely follows that of Ringhieri and the
objects singled out in Giangaleazzo’s funeral oration. The chances of that
being a coincidence are 4x3x2x1 = 1 in 24. That is too much of a coincidence for me. It seems to me that Keller was copying
something that came with the cards, or at least that the cards were already
packed in four boxes in the same way they were stored in the new boxes. If so,
this is some evidence that suit-assignments to triumphs, already suggested in
Marziano’s treatise, continued in the Tarot.</span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A fourteen-card version by columns of the Brera-Brambilla, with the presence of the Pope,for the
Brera-Brambilla, would have to have Love after Justice, in order for Justice to
be in the first four cards. That is also
possible for the Cary-Yale. After that, the order could be precisely the same, but with four cards in two rows
and three cards in two rows. Again Prudence is not twelfth in the order.<br /></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-right: 26.1pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"><b>Type C: Brera-Brambilla (BB), by columns. Cards not
extant in CY or BB in italics.</b></span></span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: -0.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;">14 Angel (Eternity)</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"><b><i> </i></b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"> </span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;">4 <b><i>Justice</i></b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;">13 <i>Old Man (Time)</i></span></span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;">10 <b><i>Temperance</i></b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;">7 Wheel</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;">3 <i>Pope</i></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
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<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;">12 World (Fame)</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;">9 Death</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;">6 <b>Fortitude</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;">2 Emperor</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;">11 <b><i>Prudence</i></b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;">8 Chariot (Pudicizia)</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;">5 Love</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;">1 Empress</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
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<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"><b>Suit cards, Coins</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 135pt;" valign="top" width="180">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"><b>Suit cards, Cups</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"><b>Suit cards, Batons</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"><b>Suit cards, Swords</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span></span>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk112852697;"></span>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">8. </span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The B
order: Ferrara </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Now I will return to the previous way of conceptualizing the hypothesis,
with groups by rows, while adding to it the alternative. </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The earliest account of the order in the Ferrara region is the <i>Sermo
de Ludo</i>.</span></span><a href="#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> With Prudence just before Death, one of the solutions for Lombardy, there
is the nice result of two spaces consistently separating the virtues, as
opposed to one or two, assuming that Justice can go in the bottom row. In this
case the other Lombard solution, that of putting Prudence just after Death,
won’t work. As in Lombardy, the Wheel must be present for
this grid to work; so there are at most three dignitaries.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><a name="_Hlk73628340"><b>Type B order, Ferrara-Venice, 14 cards</b></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"> <br /></span></span></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.75pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<br /></td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">12 Angel</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">8 Wheel</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>4 Temperance</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.25pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>Cups</b><br /></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.75pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">11 Death</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>7 Fortitude</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">3 Pope </span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.25pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>Batons</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.75pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">14 World</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>10 Prudence</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">6 Chariot</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">2 Emperor</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.25pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>Coins</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.75pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>13 Justice</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">9 Old Man/Time</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">5 Love</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">1 Empress</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.25pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>Swords</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Here Justice is
highest, as in Plato’s order</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. The horizontal association
of Justice, Love, and the Empress would have satisfied Niccolò III in Ferrara
as much as the vertical association would have satisfied Filippo Maria in Milan:
both rulers executed their wives for adultery. Inserting the Hanged Man in
place of Prudence would have been a shrewd move: the threat of rebellion from
Leonello’s legitimate brothers was real enough that Niccolò did not formally
name him as heir until shortly before his death. The picture of a Hanged Man is
a more vivid reminder of the consequences of betraying one’s lord than a lady
with a mirror. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The above grid could
also have served to link its columns to suits, as in the case of the Beinecke titles.
With fourteen cards, it could have been two columns of four cards each and two
of three (the middle two columns). </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Leonello’s successor,
Borso d’Este, associated himself in particular with the virtue of Justice,
starting early in his reign.</span></span><a href="#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> In that case, with the association going by rows, it might
have seemed unsatisfactory to have Justice, the highest virtue, </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">in the bottom row. But it can be in the top row if one
card is added below the line. To preserve the allegory of the two Imperial cards ruling
over the suits, that card would be a new
one, necessitating the Pope’s removal. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b>Type B order, Ferrara-Venice, 14
cards, alternative</b></span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.75pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;">14 World</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;">13 <b>Justice</b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;">9 Old Man/Time</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;">5 Love</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.25pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><b>Swords <br /></b></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.75pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;">12 Angel</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;">8 Wheel</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><b>4 Temperance</b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.25pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><b>Cups</b> <br /></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.75pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;">11 Death</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><b>7 Fortitude</b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;">3 Emperor</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.25pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><b>Batons</b> <br /></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 62.75pt;" valign="top" width="84">
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;">10 <b>Prudence</b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;">6 Chariot</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;">2 Empress</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.25pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><b>Coins</b></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;">1
Bagatella</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Putting the Bagatella below the line
suits his vocation as an itinerant trickster, moving from place to place one
step ahead of the law. This card, called by the name of his trade, <i>bagatella</i>,
also meaning “trifle,”</span></span><a href="#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> will remind people that he is the "lowest of all" in the
hierarchy, as the <i>Sermo de Ludo</i> called this card.</span></span><a href="#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The odd feminine ending for a male subject is seen only in Ferrara: in
Florence and Lombardy it was<i> bagattello</i>,</span></span><a href="#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> which seems like a deliberate change, giving a masculine ending to a
masculine subject. To deliberately change the title to <i>bagatella</i>, for a
card depicting a male subject that already had a title with a masculine ending,
would be odd.</span></span><a href="#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> So <i><span style="color: #0070c0;">b</span>agatella</i>, wherever the
card was introduced, seems the original </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">form. That it persisted only in Ferrara
is some evidence for its having arisen there: words tend to survive i</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">n their
original form when there is a linguistic community to reinforce their survival;
a new linguistic </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1Iw3EosgAicGVtgos6EwKnOGeTulzY4Jd7l9DMswbAA5y6xMprYbpM7Q2YU7j667n0yixt8Ah7bCUMnDicw-qDbkk7l-oMD39tvEZlOMQQarVr_Dhb1ZG6zFGboiAIukZtDvIkxOc3OoNvV7ymiXRZFPseSvBV6dx11YGC-MyHrtCXBmDb0D3rC41ew/s632/BARChVItrad.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="632" data-original-width="627" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1Iw3EosgAicGVtgos6EwKnOGeTulzY4Jd7l9DMswbAA5y6xMprYbpM7Q2YU7j667n0yixt8Ah7bCUMnDicw-qDbkk7l-oMD39tvEZlOMQQarVr_Dhb1ZG6zFGboiAIukZtDvIkxOc3OoNvV7ymiXRZFPseSvBV6dx11YGC-MyHrtCXBmDb0D3rC41ew/w317-h320/BARChVItrad.jpg" width="317" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span>community lacks that element and will tend to make words
conform to the natural tendency there, for words designating males to have
masculine endings. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">There is another array that would have
made Prudence’s replacement by the Hanged Man especially appropriate: one
making him 12<sup>th</sup>. Twelve was the number traditionally associated with Judas, typically mentioned last in Gospel lists of the disciples (Matt.10:2-4,
Mark 3:16-19; Luke 6:14-16). The A region cards in fact showed the man
clutching bags of coins (at right, Beaux Arts Sheet, Bologna, and Charles VI, Florence). There was also Antipope Giovanni XXII’s “shame poster”
against Muzio Attendola (Moakley 1966, 95), Francesco Sforza’s father, speaking
of his “XII treasons,” with a picture of a man hanging by one foot.</span></span><a href="#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> [28]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><a name="_Hlk74583254"><b>Type B order, Ferrara, 16 cards</b></a></span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.75pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;">16 World</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;">12 Hanged Man/<b>Prudence</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;">8 Chariot</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;">4 Popess</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.25pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"><b>Coins</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.75pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"><b>15 Justice</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;">11 Old Man/Time</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;">7 Love</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;">3 Emperor</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.25pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"><b>Swords</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.75pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;">14 Angel</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;">10 Wheel</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"><b>6 Temperance</b></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;">2 Empress</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.25pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"><b>Cups</b></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 71.75pt;" valign="top" width="96">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"><a name="_Hlk73916518">13
Death</a></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73916518;"><b>9 Fortitude</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73916518;">5 Pope</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73916518;">1 Bagatella</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.25pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73916518;"><b>Batons</b></span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73916518;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73916518;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73916518;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73916518;"></span></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73916518;"></span></span></span>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73916518;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74583254;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Here exchanging Chariot and Love would make a nicer narrative in the context of the rows:
the Popess could be interpreted as the ill-fated Pope Joan, done in by Love and
killed by the faithful as a Traitor to God. That order is in fact found in many
B lists.</span></span><a href="#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> At any point the Fool could have been added, either in the hierarchy but
below the line, or outside it altogether, as the wild card that later defined
him. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">At this point we have all 14
surviving “primary artist” triumphs of the Pierpont-Morgan-Bergamo deck (PMB,
also known as the Visconti-Sforza and Colleoni-Bagliati), plus three more
(Temperance, Fortitude, World). Decker suggested that those 14 could have made
a complete sequence;</span></span><a href="#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Dummett found that implausible, arguing that with Fortitude in the
Cary-Yale, “it cannot be that all the virtues were dropped when the PMB was
first designed, since Justice was by the primary artist.”</span></span><a href="#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> But Lothar Teikemeier has a nice reply:</span></span><a href="#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> the so-called “Justice” card in the Visconti-Sforza is different from
most in having a young man on a white horse in the background. This alteration might
have converted it into a card for Fame (in the cause of Justice), one of the
Petrarchan triumphs and also a subject actually named as such in a few lists
(Alciato, Pomeran).<sup> </sup>In defense of that view Teikemeier points to the
scales sometimes seen in illustrations of that Petrarchan triumph. The result is
a deck of 14 triumphs without virtue cards. In a grid, however, the four
virtues could all still be there, represented by the Kings of the four suits,
it seems to me. <br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I
am aware of no reason for supposing that the theological virtues were
part of any Ferrara-order tarocchi deck. However, there is no difficulty maintaining a cardinal virtue
in each row with 14 cards, as long as there is some flexibility about where the blank spaces go. For example:<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Type B Ferrara order, all seven virtues, 14 cards </b><br /></span></span></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.75pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<br /></td><td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
Charity<br />
</td><td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<br /></td><td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>7 Fortitude</b></span></span></td><td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.25pt;" valign="top" width="102"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>Batons</b></span></span></p></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.75pt;" valign="top" width="108"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">14 World</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">Faith<br /></p>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>10 Prudence</b></span></span>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">3 Chariot</span></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"></p>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.25pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><b>Coins</b></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.75pt;" valign="top" width="108"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>13 Justice</b></span></span>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
Hope<br />
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">9 Old Man/Time</span></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">2 Love</span></span></p>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.25pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>Swords</b></span></span></p>
</td></tr><tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.75pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">12 Angel</span></span>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"> 11 Death</span></span>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">8 Wheel</span></span>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>1 Temperance</b></span></span></p>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.25pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b> Cups</b></span></span></p>
</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">However a 16 card version would run into difficulties, assuming two dignitaries:</span></span><br /></p><p><b>Type B Ferrara order, all seven virtues, 16 cards </b><br /></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.75pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">World</span></span></td><td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">12 Faith<br /></span></span></p>
</td><td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">8 </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">Old Man/Time</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span></p>
</td><td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">4<b> </b></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">Love</span></span></p>
</td><td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.25pt;" valign="top" width="102">
----<br /></td></tr><tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.75pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>Justice</b></span></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">11 Hope<br /></span></span></p>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>7 </b></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">Wheel</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b></b></span></span></p>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">3 </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>Temperance</b></span></span></p>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.25pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>Cups, Swords</b></span></span>
</td></tr><tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.75pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">14 </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">Angel</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span></p>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">10 </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">Death</span></span></p>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">6 </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>Fortitude</b></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span></p>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">2 Emperor</span></span></p>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.25pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>Batons</b></span></span>
</td></tr><tr style="height: 2.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.75pt;" valign="top" width="108">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">13 Charity<b><br /></b></span></span></p>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">9 </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b> Prudence</b></span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span></p>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">5 </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">Chariot</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"></span></span></p>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;">1 Empress</span></span></p>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-color: currentcolor windowtext windowtext currentcolor; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-style: none solid solid none; border-top: none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 2.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.25pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk73628340;"><b>Coins</b></span></span></p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Assuming two dignitaries, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">there is no way to avoid Temperance and Justice from being in the same row.</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">9</span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. Conclusion</span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">We can expect that as the vertical placements
took on more of the associations between virtues and Petrarchans, the rows would
have stopped being used,<span style="color: #0070c0;"> <span style="color: black;">with perhaps a
transitional form such as that suggested by the former Beinecke assignments
(see section 6).</span> </span>In such a situation the special cards <span style="color: #0070c0;">can <span style="color: black;">quickly become </span></span>one suit above all the rest. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A problem with stopping at 16 is the
sudden jump from Death to the Last Judgment. Petrarch had two steps between the
two. The Cary-Yale had the theological virtues; but the later <i>tarocchi </i>did not go
that way. In the medieval cosmograph, between the earth and the angels were
air, fire, and the heavens.</span></span><a href="#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Dante’s journey went from hell’s devils to purgatory’s fire (“Fire” was one
early name for the Tower card) and then to the celestial spheres. The
Apocalypse preceding the Judgment also had devils sending down fire, and then the
“woman clothed with the sun,” the moon at her feet and crowned by stars (Rev.
12:1). All three scenarios can be accommodated by the five cards between Devil
and Sun. The celestials also serve to put Petrarch’s cosmic time back into the
series. That they occur in the order right where the theologicals occur in minchiate,
and there are no surviving tarocchi decks or lists with members of both sets, suggest
that the former substituted for the latter. Also, the Visconti-Sforza
celestials (at right below) have visual similarities to the Cary-Yale theologicals (at left) that would
have helped the players recognize the new cards that replaced them: Charity and
the Sun both have infants, both ladies of the Hope/Star pair gesture toward an object in the upper right corner of the card; and the arm positions of the two ladies of Faith/Moon are similar. </span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRT-qdk7JpHvnxFpSdrf42NovMSviQJiegEE_07XYzs92h1PXeqPvpH9bvorSrvEk_yhdexkbVhb9hTNak6zo1ILrg9KDLSevK_uftnj4Y_mAp7aUgPNhooKA0fJeeakenn8nhg3KowFqJg-yfMpouJas_NkKLccVfRx3l81mV3ELgwc6fbhvxcW6xeQ/s1600/10theologicalsCelestials.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="522" data-original-width="1600" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRT-qdk7JpHvnxFpSdrf42NovMSviQJiegEE_07XYzs92h1PXeqPvpH9bvorSrvEk_yhdexkbVhb9hTNak6zo1ILrg9KDLSevK_uftnj4Y_mAp7aUgPNhooKA0fJeeakenn8nhg3KowFqJg-yfMpouJas_NkKLccVfRx3l81mV3ELgwc6fbhvxcW6xeQ/w640-h208/10theologicalsCelestials.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcqn6XCmcoc4dilPQzv3GzNxaDK2wgQiG2KIKVPdDCmH7osENAnT28htvr70-QgFWHpVTP9uOJ5mS2hGqtMql3AdQvZkU5Dt6beOUrlhtlrQZwt07ak5b4SbQjI49VJWIDwI4fM41yl3ESZnKWIEWnCSzbaB4ghLqBd5PLAtDV8d5P0VseF3G3F0oA-Q/s2446/17star3.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1522" data-original-width="2446" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcqn6XCmcoc4dilPQzv3GzNxaDK2wgQiG2KIKVPdDCmH7osENAnT28htvr70-QgFWHpVTP9uOJ5mS2hGqtMql3AdQvZkU5Dt6beOUrlhtlrQZwt07ak5b4SbQjI49VJWIDwI4fM41yl3ESZnKWIEWnCSzbaB4ghLqBd5PLAtDV8d5P0VseF3G3F0oA-Q/w400-h249/17star3.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">There are also allegorical associations between the
two sets: in the Star card, the men below it in some versions (Bologna, D'Este,
minchiate) suggest the Star of Bethlehem and the birth of humanity’s Hope; the
Moon guides us through a dark world, like Faith; and the Sun’s return in the
spring brings forth new life, like God’s charity in relation to the soul,
replacing the thread of mortal life as woven by the Fate Clotho, who seems to be depicted on
some Sun cards, with eternal life (below, Beaux Arts card, Bologna, left; Triumph of Death tapestry, with the three Fates, and a printed Sun card of Ferrara or Venice).</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjecyij7dIw0b2hVsDQpSozZpCtQQGZncfs7gw0Offmm3iJoWvyJASURFCUlA25EihQI7LoRkgg3rXN7z4B1LbkIkgGD7rRUkHUwk7etSgUSk9CAJ0A9VkN1Q0EvIPicJx9WmM2_Ad9SRQHDAs94mx2RUPkQiGoUOVnm1wMTXpTKUjF_3RkuOzcLrT3WA/s2210/19suncards.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1127" data-original-width="2210" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjecyij7dIw0b2hVsDQpSozZpCtQQGZncfs7gw0Offmm3iJoWvyJASURFCUlA25EihQI7LoRkgg3rXN7z4B1LbkIkgGD7rRUkHUwk7etSgUSk9CAJ0A9VkN1Q0EvIPicJx9WmM2_Ad9SRQHDAs94mx2RUPkQiGoUOVnm1wMTXpTKUjF_3RkuOzcLrT3WA/w640-h326/19suncards.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"><br /><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">With the grid done away with, point-getting
combinations can still occur with various groupings, e.g, court cards of the same rank or sequences of triumphs. These still occurred in the Bolognese game of the 18th century and in minchiate, either of high triumphs or the low ones. Since three out of four is harder to
attain than the three out of five of the former game, the Fool and Bagatella could
serve as substitutes, as recorded in Bologna later. </span></span><p></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk74070443;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">If the scoring of horizontal combinations disappears without
a trace, one might ask, why postulate such an intermediary structure between
Marziano and the game as later known at all? One answer is suggested by my experience with the Beinecke Library, where evidence
not backed up by other sources, some of which were not saved, is made to disappear.
More generally, new things do not appear out of nothing; they emerge from new combinations of old things to
which more new things are added, and from which over time old things are
discarded, yet still leaving traces, albeit not unambiguously. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">There remains the problem of whether the building blocks were seven virtues rather than four, and of whether the four dignitaries of a later time were all present at the beginning. A 4 by something grid would suggest four and four rather than seven and seven. And if Petrarch was indeed an inspiration, six more would make fourteen, the same as the number of cards per ordinary suit. Moreover, a
Marziano-type grid in four rows can explain
why in the <i>tarocchi</i> there would be four <i>papi</i> and not fewer, and four virtues instead of
seven, with the mention of “prudence” in connection with the card below Death
as a trace of the fourth. The grid also <span style="color: #0070c0;"><span style="color: black;">can</span> </span>explain
the presence of the non-Petrarchan Wheel and Hanged Man, as a necessary addition in Lombardy, as well as the curious
placement of Prudence in minchiate, with the theologicals but in the same row. To be sure, one could also say that these
were designers’ whims. But that could be said about many placements, whereas
the grid offers a general framework that explains the specific cases.Yet since the cardinal virtues are part of the seven, and they are all that is needed to correlate triumphs with suits, a seven plus seven arrangement cannot be excluded entirely (with the Wheel or Emperor as the seventh Petrarchan-like triumphator), or even a seven plus seven plus two (as in the proposed Cary-Yale), or a seven plus six plus three (as in an ur-minchiate).<br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Part of the hypothesis is the number of cards that would have
been in such a grid: 14 to 16, with 14 as most likely. Let us review the
evidence. There are the two references in Ferrara, 1441 and 1457, and the 14
first-artist cards of the Visconti-Sforza. Admittedly, two of the three are
rather late, the 1450s, but we cannot expect that 14-triumph decks would have
disappeared all at once. There are the three well-known groups of subjects that
add up to 14. There is also the fact that most of them (except the Pope and
Death, which are at natural dividing points) do not keep to the same place in
the order among the various lists, whereas the eight others are in the same places
everywhere (except in two Florentine sources the Wheel, probably an early
addition). The invariances make sense as additions at a time of greater
interregional cooperation. On one side of the divide is the Cary-Yale, with its
theologicals and Prudence, and on the other side the decks that follow, with
the five subjects from Devil to Sun, removing the theologicals and Prudence
except in minchiate, where it and the theologicals appear just where the
celestials are in the tarot. As for the variations, they make sense in a four
by something grid defined by the four virtues, which are either all together or,
most likely, interspersed with Petrarchans at regular intervals. There is also, such as it is, the coincidence of the pre-2019
triumph-to-suits labels of the Beinecke cards, as well as that of the order of
triumphs in Keller’s 1981 catalog of the Cary Collection, which is consistent
with the historical virtue to suit correlations for at least two of the four
virtues, if not all four. None of this is proof, just grounds for a
reasonable hypothesis, enough so that we cannot have confidence in simpler ones.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A separate question is that of which city’s order came first,
given the present hypothesis. As already indicated, Bologna’s “equal <i>papi</i>”
rule seems more primitive than the hierarchy and more reflective of Bologna’s
politics than Florence’s. That Fortitude is Bologna’s highest virtue also seems
more primitive than in Florence.Also, Milan’s and Ferrara’s orders need the non-Petrarchan Wheel, while to
explain minchiate's placement of Prudence in a 4x4 grid, the Wheel needs to
be absent. If so, an order without the Wheel would be temporally prior to one with it. On the other hand, if, as in the
Beinecke's order, it was the columns of the grid that were linked to the suits
rather than the rows, then Milan's order is exactly what is needed. These considerations, however, are not much, compared to considerations about which we may still be ignorant. <br /></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR
PART II</b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">ALCIATO,
Andrea (1544) <i>Parergōn iuris, Libri VII. </i></span><i>Posteriores</i>. Lyon:
S. Gryphion. In Google Books.</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">BERRY, JOHN (1987) “Book Review and Discussion: <i>Tarot
Symbolism</i> by Robert V. O’Neill” <i>The Playing Card</i> 15, No. 3, 95-99. </p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">BERRY, John (2004) “The Tarot Myth.” <i>The Playing-Card</i>
32:6, 225-227. Both Berry pieces can be read at <a href="https://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=16427">https://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=16427</a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><a name="_Hlk85639894"><span lang="IT" style="color: #0070c0; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="color: black;">CALDWELL, Ross Sinclair (2020) “Prevelanza della regula
pari-papa nei Tarocchi Bolognese.” In Andrea VITALI, ed., <i>Bologna e i
tarocchi, un patrimonio italiano del rinascimento, storia arte simbologia Litterature</i>
(Riola: Mutus Liber), 63-71</span>.</span></a></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk85639894;"></span>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">CROCE, Giulio
Cesare (1602)<i> <a name="_Hlk74235712">Lotto festevole, fatto in villa </a>fra
una nobil schiera di cavalieri, & di dame, con i trionfi de' tarrocchi,
esplicati in lode delle dette dame, & altri bei trattenimenti da spasso. </i>Bologna:
Vittorio Benacci. Online at </span><a href="http://badigit.comune.bologna.it/GCCroce/sfoglia.asp?start=841"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">http://badigit.comune.bologna.it/GCCroce/sfoglia.asp?start=841</span></a><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">DECKER, Ronald, (1974) “Correspondence.” <i>Journal of
the Playing-Card Society</i> 3:1, 23-24, 48.</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">DEPAULIS, Thierry (2007) “Early Italian Lists of Tarot
Trumps.” <i>The Playing-Card</i> 36:1, 39-50. Online in Academia.</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">DEPAULIS, Thierry (2013) “The Tarot de Marseille – Facts
and Fallacies Part II.” <i>The Playing-Card </i>42:2, 101-120. <span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">Online in Academia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">DISCORSO </span></i><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">(c. 1565)<i> perche fosse trovato il giuco
et particulormente quello del Tarocco: dove si dichia: ra a pieno il
significato di tutte le figure di esso giuoco</i>. </span><a name="_Hlk85041878">In
Ross Sinclair CALDWELL, Thierry DEPAULIS, , and Marco PONZI, ed. and trans., <i>con
gli occhi et con l'intelletto: Explaining the Tarot in Sixteenth Century Italy,</i>
lulu.com, 2019, pp. 42-63.</a></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk85041878;"></span>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">DUMMETT, Michael (1980) <i>The Game of Tarot: From
Ferrara to Salt Lake City</i>, London: Duckworth. Pp. 65-90, 388-434, and
164-201 (in that order) at <a href="https://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=1175">https://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=1175</a>.
</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">DUMMETT, Michael (1986) “Tarot Triumphant.” <i>FMR</i> 8,
Jan/Feb. 1985, 46-59.</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">DUMMETT, Michael, (1989) “A Comment on Marziano.” <i>The
Playing-Card</i> 18:2,73-75.</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">FERRETTI<span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">, Cinza, ed., <i>I
memoriali dei Mamellini, notai bolognese legami familiari, vita quotidiana,
realità politica (secc. XV-XVI)</i> (Bologna: CLUEB)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">GHINASSI, Ghino
(2006) <i>“<i><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Un dubbio lessicale di Baldassarre Castiglione.”</span></i></i>
In Paolo Bongrani (ed.), <i><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dal Belcalzer al Castiglione:
Studi sull’antico volgare di Mantova e sul Castiglione </span></i>5, L. S.
Olschki: Biblioteca Mantovana.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">KELLER, William (1981) <i>A
catalogue of the Cary Collection of Playing Cards in the Yale University
Library / 2, Text. </i>New Haven: Yale University Library. Online at <span style="color: black;"><a href="https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/17389206">https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/17389206</a>.</span><br /></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing">MOAKLEY, Gertrude (1966) <i>The Tarot Cards Painted by Bonifacio Bembo for the
Visconti-Sforza Family</i>. New York: New York Public Library. Online at
various sites.</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">MOIRAGHI,
Pietro (1897) "Rime ed imprese dedicate alle dame pavesi del sec. XVI."
In Pietro Toldo and Pietro Moiraghi, <i><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Memorie e documenti per la
storia di Pavia e suo Principato, </span></i>Vol. II, fasc. III, 1897, 63-73.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">PISCINA,
Francesco (1565) <i>Discorso sopra L’ordine delle figure de Tarocchi.</i> </span>Monte
Regal<span style="color: #5b9bd5; mso-themecolor: accent5;">e</span> (Piedmont):
Lionardo Torrentino<a name="_Hlk83827507">). In Ross Sinclair CALDWELL, Thierry
DEPAULIS, , and Marco PONZI, ed. and trans., <i>con gli occhi et con
l'intelletto: Explaining the Tarot in Sixteenth Century Italy,</i> lulu.com,
2019, pp. 10-33 (18-33 in Google Books).</a></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk83827507;"></span>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">POMERAN, Troilo
(1534) <i><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Triomphi de Troilo Pomeran da Cittadela
composti sopra li Terrocchi in Laude delle famose Gentil Donne di Vinegia.</span></i>
Venice: Zuan’Antonio di Nicolini da Sabio. Online at letarot.it.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">PRATESI, Franco (1987) "Ferrarese Tarot in the 16th
Century: Invective and Answer." <i><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">The Playing-Card</span></i><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">
15:4, 123-131, at naibi.net. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">PRATESI,
Franco (1992)<u> </u>“</span><a href="http://naibi.net/A/40-MARSMIL-Z.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">Le tarot de
Marseille: retour à Milan.” </span><i><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">L'As de Trèfle</span></i></span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="color: black;">, n.
47/8, 10-12, at </span>naibi.net.</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="IT" style="color: #0070c0; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="color: black;">PRATESI, Franco (2016) “Cremona 1441? – Elucubrazioni sui tarocchi Visconti
di Modrone o Cary-Yale.” Online at </span></span><a href="http://naibi.net/A/40-MARSMIL-Z.pdf" target="_blank"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">naibi.net.</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">RENIER,
Rodolfo (1894). “Tarocchi di Matteo Maria Boiardo.” In N. Campanini, ed., <i>Studi
su Matteo Maria Boiardo</i> (Bologna, 1894), online at </span><a href="http://www.tarock.info/renier.htm"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">http://www.tarock.info/renier.htm</span></a><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">ROSENBERG, Charles V (1979) “ The Iconography of the Sala degli Stucchi in
the Palazzo Schifanoia in Ferrara.”<i> </i><i>Art
Bulletin</i> 61, No. 3, 377-384.</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">VITALI, Andrea (1986) “Lo Appeso.” Online at letarot.it
with English trans.</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">VITALI, Andrea (2005), “I Tarocchi in Letteratura I.” Online at letarot.it with English trans.</p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">VITALI, Andrea
(2012) “El Bagatella, ossia il simbolo del peccato.” </span>Online at
letarot.it with English <span style="color: #0070c0;">trans.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">WOLFF, Martha (1974) “Bonifacio
Bembo and the Minchiate Cards Painted for Filippo Maria Visconti.”(master’s
thesis, Yale University).</p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><b>NOTES</b><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> For
the usual Florentine placement of the virtues (except of course Prudence), see
here the table “Type A, Florence,” below. For the C and B positions of those
virtues, see the tables for those types, in sections 6 and 7.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Thomas Aquinas, <i>Summa Theologiae</i> II.II. q. 123, art. 12. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> Plato,
<i>Republic</i> 427C-445B. For Aquinas, Prudence, <i>Summa Theologiae </i>II.II,
q. 47. was Wisdom in human affairs: </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"> Thomas Aquinas, <i>Contra impugnantes</i>,
pars. 2 cap. 3 ad 22: "Et ideo Papa, qui obtinet vicem sponsi in tota
Ecclesia, universalis Ecclesiae sponsus dicitur" and "Unde Christus
et Papa et episcopus et sacerdos non computantur nisi unus sponsus
Ecclesiae." </span>Cited by Marco Ponzi on Tarot History Forum (search <i>impugnantes</i>).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pedini c. 1746, Cap. V: “Ne Papi non v’è ordine, solo che frà loro l’ultimo
giocato vince il primo” (In Papi there is no order, only that among them the
last played beats the first).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Caldwell 2020, 67, adding that if the rule was original everywhere, it would
explain how far-away Piedmont happened to have it, too.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"> See here n. 57.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span> </span><span lang="IT">Among others, <span style="color: black;">Giulio Cesare</span>
Mamellini, sometime between 1581 and his death in 1620, in Ferretti, 2008, 171,
cited by Caldwell 2020, 67-68: “I tarocchi dunque, sotto di una politica
intrecciata otusità di cose, tengono ascoso tutto il gran negotio de i guelfi
et ghibellini, che erano a Bologna le fationi de Geremei et Lambertazzi,
essendovi papa et antipapa, vero et scomunicato imperadore, con le città del
l'una e l'altra lega...” </span><span>(The tarot,
then, under an intricate politics of obtuseness of things, keeps all the great
business of the Guelphs and Ghibellines hidden within it, which in Bologna were
the factions of Germei and Lambertazzi, being there [in the tarot] pope and
antipope, true and excommunicated emperor, with the cities of the one and the
other league…) The Geremei and Lambertazzi were the papal and imperial factions
in 13<sup>th</sup> century Bologna, at a time when there was one of each.
“Guelf” and “Ghibelline” are more generic terms for the same throughout Italy. Similar
to Mamellini is Giuseppe Maria Buini in 1597, quoted by Vitali 2003-2017, n. 24.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Croce 1602, 4, left side.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
These are the sheets now at the Ecole <a name="_Hlk85468376">Supérieure</a> des
Beaux Arts and in the Rothschild Collection at the Louvre.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> For
“Pavia” titles and order, see Moiraghi, 1897, Depaulis 2013b, 113-114; or
Dummett 1980, 401. For Alciato, see Alciato 1544, Libro VIII, 90; Depaulis 2013b,
113-114; Pratesi 1992. Pratesi relates Alciato’s Latin titles
to the usual ones. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"> Piscina 1565, 24-25.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"> <span lang="IT">Dummett 1986, 47.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"> Piscina 1565, 20-21: “per dimonstrar
avisar il pessimo fine che fanno i speratori de i prudenti consegli.”</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: IT;"> </span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Vincenzo
Imperiali, “<i>Risposto</i>” to Alberto Lollio’s “<i>Invettiva</i>,”
transcribed by Pratesi 1987:</span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> “Vien poi la Morte, et mena un’altra danza, et prudenza
e malicia attera,</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> </span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Et pareggia ciascuno alla bilanza, <a name="_Hlk79943133">Ma 'l vecchio
saggio la Fortun' afferra…” </a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk79943133;"></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For the entire passage in English and Italian,
see Vitali 1986.</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
Proposed by Lothar Teikemeier at <a href="http://a-tarot.eu/pdf/cy-jpg.jpg">http://a-tarot.eu/pdf/cy-jpg.jpg</a>,
to which I add that the Old Man, plus another on the Wheel might correspond to
the pieces known in Italy as banners, in English as bishops. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> Keller 1981, 53.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #0070c0;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a>William Keller, email 1 of March 28, 2019.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #0070c0;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: #0070c0;"> <span style="color: black;">Keller, email 2 of March 28, 2019.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #0070c0;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: #0070c0;"> <span style="color: black;">Pratesi, “Elucubrazioni” 2016, 12-14</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #0070c0;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: #0070c0;"> <span style="color: black;">Young, email of March 21, 2019.</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dummett 1980<span style="color: #0070c0;">, 400</span>.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #00b0f0;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: #00b0f0;"> </span>Rosenberg 1979,
380-382.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a> For the double meaning, see Vitali 2012.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"> </span><a href="http://www.tarock.info/steele.htm"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://www.tarock.info/steele.htm</span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;">: “Primus dicitur El Bagatella (et est
omnium inferior).”</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a> Renier
1894 erroneously transcribed the “Pavia” title as<i> bagatella</i>, corrected
by Moiraghi 1897, p 70, confirmed by scans of the ms. graciously provided by
the <a name="_Hlk85468437">Bibliothèque</a> de l’Arsenal, Paris. For Florence,
see Depaulis 2007, 43-44.</p>
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<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>
On the normal meanings of the word, see Ghinassi 2006, 206, and Vitali 2012.
Bologna’s <i>Bagattino</i>, the word for a coin of small value, is similarly
contrived, having no relation to what is pictured on the card but only to its
place in the sequence.</p>
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<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Moakley 1966, 95.</p>
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<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a> Some
of these sources are given in Dummett 1980: 389. 390, 400); there is also
Pomeran, 1534.</p>
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<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a>
Decker 1974, reaffirmed by Berry 1987 and 2004.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>
Dummett 1989, 75.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a> <a href="http://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=17682#p17682">http://forum.tarothistory.com/viewtopic.php?p=17682#p17682</a>
(21 Oct, 2016).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a> See
Piscina 1565, 22-23.</p>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
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mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
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{mso-style-name:"Table Grid";
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
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{mso-style-name:"Table Grid1";
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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
table.TableGrid2
{mso-style-name:"Table Grid2";
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
table.TableGrid3
{mso-style-name:"Table Grid3";
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mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
table.TableGrid4
{mso-style-name:"Table Grid4";
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mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
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mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]-->Michael S Howardhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06488567669455421279noreply@blogger.com0